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332: Neurobiology > 3. Courtship in Drosophila > Flashcards

3. Courtship in Drosophila Flashcards

1
Q

what courtship parameters can we study? (4)

A
  • total time courting during the observation period
  • latency to initiate courtship
  • latency to copulate
  • order of courtship steps
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2
Q

what does the female receive that allows them to make a decision as to whether they want to copulate

A

volatile pheromones and vibrations

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3
Q

what type of receptor is the sex peptide receptor

A

a GPCR

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4
Q

what does sex peptide contain

A

two anti-aphrodisiac pheromones
cVa
7-T

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5
Q

how does sex peptide regulate female receptivity

A

modulates the properties of fruitless neurons via a monophosphate signalling pathway

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6
Q

what is sex peptide released alongside

A

the sperm

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7
Q

what is the action of sex peptide

A

sex peptide receptors in the uterus which activate uterine neurons that project to the abdominal ganglia and SOG. this pathway alters the pheromones and behaviours the female produces to warn other males that the y do not wish to mate.

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8
Q

describe the order of the courtship ritual

A
  1. orientation
  2. wing extension
  3. licking
  4. copulation
  • repetitive process that continues until the female becomes receptive.
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9
Q

what neuron is responsible for the courtship song production in males

A

the mesothoracic ganglion

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10
Q

what happens when fragments of the D. simulans period gene are expressed in D. melanogaster?

A

D. melanogaster produces the species specific song of D. simulans

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11
Q

the courtship song is species specific, what gene controls it?

A

period gene

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12
Q

where is the SOG located

A

in the protocerebrum

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13
Q

describe the process of licking in the courtship ritual

A

gustatory receptor neurons on the foreleg tarsi and mouthparts detect non-volatile pheromones which enter the sensilla via single cuticle pore.

the female pheromone info is then relayed via a single axon to the SOG, and the male decides whether or not to act

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14
Q

what wing produces a series of species-specific vibrations = courtship song

A

the ipsilateral wing

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15
Q

a specific class of visual projection neurons are dedicated to courtship, what are these called?

A

LC10 visual projection neurons

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16
Q

what are LC10 visual projection neurons required for

A

tracking a fly size object

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17
Q

where do flies secrete pheremones?
what does this allow?

A

the cuticle
allows species recognition

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18
Q

name a female fly pheremone

A

7,11-HD and 7,11-ND

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19
Q

what can happen when males secrete cVa?

A

elicits aggression in other males

in some cases, young males respond to these pheromones and attempt to court elder males

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20
Q

name a male pheromone

A

cVA and 7-t and 7-p

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21
Q

name the receptor responsible for detecting these auditory vibrations

A

stretch receptors

22
Q

what receptor is involved in the female perception of male pheromones?

A

Or83b: Or67d receptor

23
Q

what OBP is involved in detection of male pheremones

A

Lush

24
Q

how does the female fly receive the courtship song

A

through her antennae - Johnstons organ in the Artista

25
Q

describe the evidence showing how Or67d was implicated in courtship behaviour

A

Jallon et al., 1981 = males lacking or67d display increased courtship toward males compared to wild-type controls.

26
Q

describe the process of how males receive non-volatile pheromones

A

non-volatile pheromones are detected by gustatory receptor neurons of the foreleg tarsi and mouthparts

gustatory information is relayed from the SOG to a region of the lateral protocerebrum

27
Q

describe the process of how females receive volatile pheromones:

A
  1. cVa enters the sensillar lymph via cuticle pores
  2. cVa binds to Lush (OBP) to create a conformational change
  3. activated lush binds to Or83b:0r67d receptor of olfactory sensory neurons
  4. OSNs project to the Da1 or Va1m glomerulus of the antennal lobe
  5. spatial info is conveyed to mushroom bodies via olfactory projection neurons
28
Q

describe how the LC10 visual input is integrated to initiate courtship

A

LC10 input is integrated into the higher order brain centre called the command centre - these project to the P1 cluster of neurons

if the higher order brain centre decides to initiate courtship:
- descending neurons project to the ventral ganglia to initiate song production.

29
Q

how does Johnstons organ trigger motor action

A

via the antennal mechanosensory and motor cortex

30
Q

where does Fruitless transcripts work

A

in the nervous system

31
Q

where does doublesex transcripts work

A

in neural and non-neuronal tissues

32
Q

what is sex lethal protein

A

an RNA binding protein that regulates the splicing of itself and downstream transformer genes mRNA

33
Q

what does action of sex lethal protein result in

A

translation of transformer

34
Q

what does transformer do?

A

regulates the splicing of two downstream genes in females : doublesex and fruitless

35
Q

how is sex lethal protein activated

A

the additional female X chromosome regulates splicing to produce sex lethal protein

36
Q

what happens in the absence of the female XX genotype

A

in males, the presence of only one X chromosome results in default splicing patterns - this means sex Lethal protein is not produced

37
Q

what happens in default splicing in males

A

yields functional Dsx male protein and Fru male protein

38
Q

how were the functions of fruitless and doubles assessed?

A

using mutants

39
Q

what happens in Dsx KO mutants

A

produce most aspects of courtship - except one part of the courtship song

40
Q

what happens if male Dsx is expressed in females

A

somatic differentiation - they transformed into males, but they could not perform courtship (Dsx not required for courtship behaviour)

41
Q

what happens to fru KO flies

A

phenotypically male but show no courtship behaviour

42
Q

what produces sex specific transcripts

A

P1 promoter

43
Q

what happens if these promoters are knocked out

A

it can be lethal

44
Q

how have fruitless proteins been studied in the CNS

A

using antibodies tagged with a fluorescent dye

45
Q

where has male fruitless been identified

A

brain, ventral ganglia, antennal lobe, SOG, lateral regions

sensory neurons

46
Q

what were first used to identify sexually dimorphic CNS regions involved in male courtship

A

gynandromorphs

47
Q

how has the GAL4/UAS system been used to study sexually dimorphic brain circuitry?

A

using UAS-traF (female transformer) driven by GAL4 lines with distinct patterns in the CNS

48
Q

ER! What have gynandromorph studies revealed about the male courtship song?

A

only a single region in the dorsal protcerebrum must be genetically male for a fly to sing (this being a region rich in fruitless neurons

if a small set of approx 20 fruitless neurons from a normal female are masculinised, then the female will sing

49
Q

what happens when the male GR32a receptor is mutated, and what does GR32a do

and what happens to the wing

A

males with this mutation show increases courtship towards males and mated females

the wings simultaneously extend during the courtship ritual

50
Q

name the OBP used in detecting female pheremones

A

OBP57d

332: Neurobiology (15 decks)

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