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332: Neurobiology > 1. Structure and Function of the Nervous System > Flashcards

1. Structure and Function of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three functions of the nervous system, explain each one.

A

sensory function = senses internal and external changes
integrative function = analyses and stores information
motor function = initiates muscular activity or glandular secretions

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2
Q

name the two cell types of the nervous system, which is more common?

A

neurons
glia
- there is more glial cells

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3
Q

name the pronounced rough ER of neurons

A

Nissl Substance

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4
Q

what is the difference between anterograde and retrograde transport

A

anterograde = materials transported from cell body to axon terminals

retrograde = material transported from the axon terminals to the cell body

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5
Q

what are ion concentrations like at rest

A

10x higher sodium concentration outside the neuron

higher conc of potassium inside the neuron

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6
Q

where are action potentials generated

A

in the axon hillock

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7
Q

the action potential jumps from one node to another, what is the term for this?

A

saltatory conduction

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8
Q

define a ‘quantum’

A

the amount of neurotransmitter in one vesicle

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9
Q

define behaviour (Dugatkin)

A

the coordinated responses of whole living organisms to internal and/or external stimuli

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10
Q

why are invertebrates a good model to study neurobiology?

A

master regulatory genes are so similar across species that they are interchangeable. it is more ethical to study these species.

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11
Q

which is the better model organism, mouse or drosophila? explain

A

drosophila = cheap, more ethical, few chromosomes, easy to grow, short life cycle, complex behaviours just like multicellular organisms

mouse = less ethics (tighter regulations), more expensive. however has a closer resemblance to humans.

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12
Q

how many neurons in C. elegans

A

302

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13
Q

why are C. elegans a good model organism

A

transparent, good visualisation, display all the characteristics of a multicellular organism.

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14
Q

what is the sea snail typically used to study?

A

habituation & sensitisation

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15
Q

what is forward genetics

A

where researchers randomly alter the genotype and observe the effect on phenotype - they can then go back and identify the mutated gene that caused this altered phenotype.

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16
Q

what is backward genetics

A

where researchers alter specific genes and observe the effects of that one gene on phenotype

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17
Q

name a tool for forward genetics

A

random mutagenesis

18
Q

name a tool for backward genetics

A

site directed mutagenesis

19
Q

name 3 differences between vertebrates and invertebrates

A
  1. Neurons - vertebrates have more, invertebrates have fewer but larger and more complex
  2. CNS - vertebrate skull encased in bony skull and spinal column, invertebrates CNS are built around the digestive tract
  3. Myelin sheath - mammalian neurons are myelinated, invertebrates have no myelin, just giant icons that communicate quickly.
20
Q

what surrounds the nervous system in drosophila

A

the oesophagus

21
Q

what does UAS stand for

A

upstream activating sequence

22
Q

what is the GAL4/UAS system taken from

A

yeast

23
Q

what is GAL4

A

a transcription activator found in yeast that binds to UAS enhancer sequences to induce transcription.

24
Q

what happens when you cross GAL4 carrying flies with UAS carrying flies

A

the GAL4 drives the expression of the UAS target gene in the offspring

25
Q

what is used to identify the pattern of expression of a particular GAL4 driver line

A

UAS reporter transgenes

26
Q

how many glial cells are there compared to neurons

A

glial cells= 10^12
neurons = 10^11

27
Q

what are glial cells involved in

A

support and development and nueorinflammation

28
Q

ER: explain the role of glial cells in stroke!

A

following a stroke, activated micoglial cells release cytokines which stimulate the inflammasome to secrete IL-1beta

when these cytokines enter systemic circulation via the damaged BBB, it can cause systemic inflammation

29
Q

describe the three types of neurons

A

multipolar = one axon and many dendrites

unipolar = cell body in the middle of the axon

bipolar = one axon and one dendrite

30
Q

quick fire!

  • which is the most common type of neuron
  • what are unipolar neurons used for
  • what is another name for cell body
  • name the substance that makes up the ER of the cell body
A
  1. multipolar
  2. sensory functions - pain, temperature
  3. soma
  4. Nissl substance
31
Q

what materials are typically transported in neuronal transport

A

vesicles, enzymes and proteins

32
Q

how is synaptic transmission instigated

A

depolarisation reaches the axon terminals, triggers calcium channels to open which mobilises vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane

33
Q

name 3 neuroimaging techniques

A

MRI
DTI
FMRI

34
Q

how does MRI work

strength of MRI

A

magnetic field causes the protons of water molecules in the brain to emit radio signals which are picked up by radio receivers

good spatial resolution

35
Q

briefly how does DTI work

A

diffuser tensor imaging:
a variant of MRI used to detect the diffusion of water

36
Q

how does fMRI work

A

Blood-oxygenated-level-dependent signal (BOLD) is different for oxygenated and non-oxygenated blood

active neurons which discard O2 become more magnetic = bigger FMRI signal

37
Q

why do we use model organisms

A

master regulatory genes are similar across species

  • more ethical to study model organisms over humans
  • can manipulate genes easier
38
Q

why are master regulatory genes similar across model organisms and humans

A

they have been conserved via evolutionary processes

39
Q

what are some similarities between invertebrates and vertebrates

A

same basic plan: a central and peripheral nervous system

and majority of them all have a brain

40
Q

if there is no GAL4, what happens to the genes downstream of UAS

A

they are not transcribed

41
Q

give an example of where the GAL4/ UAS system could be used to manage gene transcription

A

a fly containing a desired gene controlled under UAS is mated with a fly expressing GAL4 in the tissue type of interest

= expression of the target gene in offspring

332: Neurobiology (15 decks)

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