Thermodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

What is enthalpy of formation?

A
  • when one mole of a substance is formed from its constituent elements with all substances in their standard states
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2
Q

What is enthalpy of combustion

A
  • enthalpy change when one mole of a substance undergoes complete combustion in oxygen with all substances in standard states
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3
Q

What is first ionisation enthalpy

A

The enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous atoms loses one electron per atom to produce gaseous 1+ ions

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4
Q

What is second ionisation enthalpy

A

When one mole of gaseous 2+ ions is produced from one mole of 1+ ions

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5
Q

What is second ionisation enthalpy

A

The enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous 2+ ions is produced from one mole of 1+ ions

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6
Q

What is electron affinity

A

The enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous atoms gain one electron per atom to produce gaseous 1- ions

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7
Q

What is the second electron affinity?

A
  • the enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous 1- ions gains one electron per ion to produce gaseous 2- ions
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8
Q

What is enthalpy of atomisation

A

When one mole of gaseous atoms is produced from an element in its normal state

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9
Q

What is hydration enthalpy?

A
  • when one mole of gaseous ions becomes hydrated
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10
Q

What is enthalpy of solution?

A
  • when one mole of an ionic solid dissolves in an amount of water large enough so that the dissolved ions are well separated and do not interact with each other
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11
Q

What is bond dissociation enthalpy?

A
  • enthalpy change when one mole of covalent bonds is broken in the gaseous state

I2 (g) -> 2I (g)

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12
Q

What is the lattice enthalpy of formation/disassociation?

A

Enthalpy change when one mole of a solid ionic compound is formed/broken up into its constituent ions in the gas phase

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13
Q

What factors affect lattice enthalpy?

A
  • ionic radius
  • ionic charge
  • covalent character
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14
Q

What is lattice enthalpy an indicator of?

A
  • ionic radius
  • ionic charge
  • covalent character
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15
Q

When a reaction takes place, the main compound that will form will be…

A

The most energetically stable (at lower energy)

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16
Q

The more exothermic the enthalpy of formation..

A

The more stable the compound is relative to its elements

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17
Q

Why is CaF2 more likely to form than CaF and CaF3

A
  • CaF3 is at a higher energy than its substituent elements
  • CaF has a less exothermic enthalpy of formation
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18
Q

What would happen if CaF is formed?

A

CaF will decompose into Ca and CaF2

19
Q

What assumptions does the perfect ionic model make?

A
  • perfectly spherical ions
  • no electron density between the ions
20
Q

What is covalent character?

A
  • when electron density is found between the two nuclei within a covalent bond
21
Q

Describe a polarising cation

A
  • small ionic radius
  • highly charged
22
Q

Describe a polarisable anion

A
  • diffuse electron cloud
23
Q

The greater the different between the experimental and theoretical values of lattice enthalpy…

A

The further the bonding is away from the perfect ionic model and the more covalent character present in the bond

24
Q

What is enthalpy change of solution equal to?

A

Lattice enthalpy + enthalpy of hydration
Ionic solid -> gaseous ions -> dissolved ions

25
Q

What affects lattice enthalpy?

A

The strength of the interactions between cations and anions
- ionic radius
- ionic charge

26
Q

What affects the size of hydration enthalpies

A

Charge density

27
Q

Explain why larger charge density leads to a more exothermic enthalpy of hydration

A
  • More charge dense ions attract water molecules more strongly
  • more energy is released when ion-dipole attractions formed
28
Q

How can we tell if a solid would dissolve by enthalpy changes?

A
  • a solid will always dissolve if hydration of the anions and cations is sufficient to provide enough energy to dissociate the lattice.
  • some may dissolve if Hyd(cat+ani) provides almost enough energy
  • enthalpy of solution must be very slightly endothermic
29
Q

What is entropy?

A
  • a measure of disorder in a chemical system
  • measured in JK mol
30
Q

Phase changes always cause…

A

A sudden change in entropy

31
Q

Do more elections mean higher or lower entropy

32
Q

Does diamond or graphite have higher entropy

A

Graphite - has delocalised electrons q

33
Q

What four processes have positive entropy change?

A
  • change in state
  • dissolving (ions in a solution are delocalised)
  • solid -> gas
  • increase in number of moles
34
Q

How do you calculate entropy change?

A
  • entropy of products - entropy of reactant
35
Q

What does feasibility refer to

A
  • when a reaction is able to take place
36
Q

What does the word spontaneous refer to?

A
  • reactions that happen of their own accord
38
Q

Are exothermic reactions spontaneous?

39
Q

Why are some endothermic reaction spontaneous?

A
  • increase in entropy
40
Q

What does it mean when a reaction has entropy change

A

Reactions that bring about an increase in disorder also tend to be feasible

41
Q

For a reaction to be feasible we ideally want…

A

A exothermic enthalpy change and a positive entropy change

42
Q

What is Gibbs’s free energy change

A

ΔG = ΔH – TΔS

43
Q

Why might a reaction still not happen even if gibbs is smaller than 0

A

Kinetics
- may have a very high activation energy