Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chemistry > Intro Into Organic And Alkanes > Flashcards

Intro Into Organic And Alkanes Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Chemistry flashcards Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is aliphatic

A
  • straight chains or branched chains of carbon atoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are alicyclic compounds?

A
  • closed rings of carbon atoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List the importance of different functional groups - most to least -

A
  • Acids
  • Ester
  • Aldehyde
  • Ketone
  • Nitrile
  • Alcohol
  • Halogen

( Angry elephants are kings now? Ah heavens!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the atoms in an aldehyde?

A

-CHO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the atoms in a ketone?

A

-CO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the atoms in a nitrile

A

-CN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the atoms in amine

A

-NH2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Chain isomerism is when molecules have the same ………… but different length ………….

A

-molecular formula
- different length carbon chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is position isomerism?

A

-Molecules with the same molecular formula but with the functional group in a different position on the chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Functional group isomers are…

A

-Molecules with the same molecular formula but different functional group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why is there E/Z isomerism in alkenes? (stereoisomerism)

A
  • There is restricted rotation around the double bond.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the definition of stereoisomerism?

A

-when molecules have the same structural formula but different 3D arrangement of atoms in space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

To inconvert between the two isomers…

A

You have to break the double bond and rotate it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Compounds do not show E/Z isomers if one of the carbons…

A

Has two of the same atoms or groups attached to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

CIP Rules

A

-use atomic numbers to identify E or Z isomers
- identify which carbon is attached to the next biggest atom(s)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why are alkanes saturated hydrocarbons?

A
  • only contain single bonds
  • only contain hydrogen and carbon atoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are homologous series?

A

-contain the same functional group
- family of organic compounds q

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are features of a homologous series?

A
  • similar chemical properties.
  • trend in physical properties
  • same functional group
  • same general formula
  • differ by CH2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Alkanes are unreactive due to…

A
  • strong C-C and C-H bonds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Alkanes react with halogens in the presence of…

A

-UV light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Alkanes burn in a ………. Or ………… supply of oxygen

A

-Limited
-Plentiful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Alkanes are insoluble in water but…

A

-soluble in non polar solvents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why does boiling point increase w/ chain length?

A

-Higher Mr -> more electrons
-Stronger van der waals forces of attraction
-more energy required to overcome these

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why do branched chain alkanes have lower boiling points than their straight chain analogues?

A

-Branched chain alkanes cannot pack together as tightly
- Weaker van der waals forces of attraction
- Lower b.p easier to overcome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is crude oil?

A

-mixture of hydrocarbons of different lengths including alkanes + alkenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is a fraction?

A

-A group of hydrocarbons with similar boiling points

27
Q

Describe the process of fractional distillation

A
  1. Crude oil is heated in a furnace and vaporised
  2. Mixture of liquid and vapour passes into a tower that has a temperature gradient

3.Vapour passes up the tower until they arrive at a tray that is sufficiently cooler temp than their boiling point. Causing them to condense.

  1. The mixture of liquids condensed on each tray is piped off
  2. Shorter chain alkanes condense in the trays nearer to the top of the tower as they have lower boiling points
28
Q

Why are shorter chain hydrocarbons more economically valuable than longer ones?

A

-shorter chain hydrocarbons are more flammable (better for fuel)

29
Q

What is the temperature needed for thermal cracking?

A

1000-1200 Kelvin

30
Q

What pressure is needed for thermal cracking?

A

-70atm (7000kPa)

31
Q

How long does thermal cracking take?

A
  • 1 second
32
Q

What does thermal cracking produce?

A

-high % of alkenes and some short chain alkanes

33
Q

What is the temperature required for catalytic cracking

A

800-1000 kelvin

34
Q

What is the pressure req. for catalytic cracking?

A

1-2 atm

35
Q

How long does catalytic cracking take?

A

2-4 seconds

36
Q

What catalysts are used in catalytic cracking?

A

-aluminosilicate SiO2
-zeolite Al2O3

37
Q

What does catalytic cracking produce?

A

-mainly aromatic hydrocarbons (branched alkanes) and motor fuels

38
Q

How is carbon monoxide formed?

A

Incomplete combustion

39
Q

What problem does carbon monoxide cause?

A

-Binds to haemoglobin and prevents red blood cells from carrying oxygen/

40
Q

How can CO and NO be removed from the atmosphere?

A

-using a catalytic converter to prevent it being added to the atmosphere
2CO + 2NO -> 2CO2 +N2

41
Q

How are oxides of nitrogen formed?

A

-nitrogen from the air reacts with oxygen at the high temperatures in the engine of vehicles

42
Q

What are the problems caused by oxides of nitrogen?

A

-Acid rain
NO2 + H20 -> HNO3

43
Q

How is sulphur dioxide formed?

A
  • sulphur impurities added to fuel can react with oxygen to form oxides of sulphur
44
Q

What problems does sulphur dioxide cause?

A

-acid rain
SO2 + H20 + 1/2O2 -> H2SO4

45
Q

How is sulphur dioxide removed from the atmosphere?

A

-Fleu gas desulphurization (in power station)

46
Q

What is the reaction for flue gas desulphurization?

A

Neutralisation
- CaO + SO2 -> CaSO3

47
Q

C particulates are released into the atmosphere by…

A

Incomplete combustion of fuels

48
Q

Name 3 problems Carbon particulates cause:

A

-deposits on buildings and makes them dirty
-asthma trigger
-deposition on ice caps can lead to global dimming

49
Q

How can carbon particulates be removed from the atmosphere?

A

-regular mot of ending to ensure functions efficiently
-use catalytic converters to oxidise unburnt carbon

C + O -> CO2

50
Q

How are unburnt hydrocarbons formed?

A

They do not get combusted in poorly functioning engines

51
Q

Unburnt hydrocarbons cause…

A

Photochemical smog

52
Q

Photochemical smog leads to the production of _______ at ___________________ which causes asthma and ____________

A

-ozone
-ground level
-respiratory problems

53
Q

How do u remove unburnt hydrocarbons from the atmosphere?

A

-Catalytic converters
C6H14 + 19NO -> 9.5N2 + 6CO2 + 7H20

54
Q

How is CO2 and H2O formed?
What are their negative effects?

A
  • Complete combustion of fuels
    -Global warming + climate change
    -Both greenhouse gases
55
Q

How do u reduce the amount of H2O and CO2 in the atmosphere?

A

-burn alternative/fewer fossil fuels

56
Q

How does the structure of a catalyst give it a large surface area?

A

Honey comb arrangement

57
Q

What are the three steps of a free radical substitution reaction?

A

-Initiation
-Propogation
-Termination

58
Q

What are free radicals?

A

-Species with a high energy unpaired electron.

59
Q

What is homolytic fission

A

-each halogen atom ends up with one of the electrons from the shared pair in the covalent bond

60
Q

What does the propagation step involve?

A

-A halogen radical being used up and produces.
- Two stages

61
Q

What does termination involve?

A

-The recombination of any two radicals.
-Can lead to a mixture of products

62
Q

Polysubstitution occurs when…

A

the monosubstituted product goes through propogation again and again

63
Q

How do you PREVENT polysubstitution

A

-excess alkane should be used in the reaction mixture

64
Q

How do you PROMOTE polysubstituion

A

-use excess halogen

Chemistry (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions