Polymers + Amino Acids Flashcards
What are condensation polymers?
- polymers that are formed through the polymerisation of monomers that eliminates molecules of water
What are the three types of condensation polymers?
- Polyesters
- Polyamides
- Polypeptides
What are polyesters formed from?
- dicarboxylic acids and diols
- Teylene
What are polyamides made from?
- dicarboxylic acids and diamines
- Kevlar, Nylon 6,6
What are polypeptides made from?
- amino acids
What is terylene made of?
- ethane-1,2-diol and benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid
What are the uses of polyesters?
- plastic bottles, clothing, carpet
What does an amide link look like
What is nylon 6,6 made from?
1,6-diaminohexane and hexane-1,6-dicarboxylic acid
- used for clothing, carpet, ropes, parachutes
What is Kevlar made from?
- benzene-1,4-diamine and benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid
- bulletproof vests, crash helmets, fire resistant material
What is nylon 6 made from?
6-aminohexanoic acid
Describe the trend of physical properties from addition polymers, polyesters and polyamides
- increases in rigidity
- increase in IMF between chains
- VDW -> d-d -> H bonding between chains
Why are addition polymers inert?
- as they contain no polar bonds
- non-biodegradable
Why are condensation polymers biodegradable?
- as they contain polar bonds and are thus able to be hydrolyses and readily attacked by nucleophiles
What are the products if you hydrolyse a poly ester under basic conditions?
- salt of an acid
- alcohol
What are the products if you hydrolyse a poly ester under acidic conditions?
- alcohol
- acid
What are the products if you hydrolyse a polyamide under basic conditions?
- salt of an acid
- diamine
What are the products if you hydrolyse a polyamide under acidic conditions?
- carboxylic acid
- diaminium ion
Give disadvantages and advantages for using landfill to dispose of non-biodegradable polymers
- cheap
- requires lots of land
Give disadvantages and advantages for using burning to dispose of non-biodegradable polymers
- produces heat energy
- releases CO2, CO and C
- some plastics release toxic styrene vapour
Give disadvantages and advantages for using recycling to dispose of non-biodegradable polymers
- conserves oil reserves, saves energy from oil refining and reduces use of landfill
- exspensive (collection, transport and separation of plastics)
What is a zwitterion
- an amino acid with a permanent positive and negative charge
- results in molecule being neutral overall
- ionic properties
Describe the structure of an amino acid in acidic conditions
- high [H+]
- everything protonated
Describe the structure of amino acids in an alkaline solution
- low [H+]
- everything deprotonated
What is the structure of an amino acid at ph 7.00
Zwitterion
What is the chemical definition of primary structure
- the linear sequence of AA in the protein chain joined together by peptide bonds
What is the chemical definition of secondary structure of a protein
- The arrangement of the peptide-linked backbone of the amino acid chain
- hydrogen bonds between polar C=O groups and N-H groups
What are the four main interactions that contribute to the tertiary structure of a protein
Hydrogen bonds
- between polar side chain groups
Disulphide bridges (-S-S-)
- between cysteine amino acids residues in the protein chain
Salt bridges
- ionic interaction between -NH3+ and -COO- side chain groups
Hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions
How can you determine protein structure?
The primary structure of a protein can be determined by finding out the number of each type of amino acid present in the protein
- Break protein down into original AA by boiling protein with conc HCl, amide bonds break
- Separate AA with TLC
What are the 2-deoxyribose units connected togehter by?
- phosphate ion
- creating a sugar-phosphate backbone
- bases are bound to the 2-deoxyribose and there are hydrogen bonds between bases that hold the two strands together
On a 2-deoxyribose unit where does the phosphate and base bind?
- phosphate ion at carbon number 5 - eliminating water (OH from sugar and H from phosphate)
- the phosphate ion then binds with carbon 3 on the next unit
- base binds on carbon 1
All bases contain the ……… group
NH2
How many hydrogen bonds are there between C and G?
Three
How many H bonds are there between A and T?
2
What is cisplatin?
- Anticancer drug
- square planar
Describe the ligand substitution reaction cisplatin is involved in?
- nitrogen atoms on guanine molecules form dative covalent bonds with platinum is cisplatin, replacing the Cl- ions
- it can also bind to other guanine residues on the same strand or between, dna cannot be replicated
Why wont transplantin stop dna replication?
- would not bind to both chains
What are the side effects of cisplatin
- binds to dna in healthy cells
- healthy cells that replicate quickly (hair follicles) are significantly affected
- indigestion/infertility
