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CATA 262 > Thermo-Regulated Emergencies > Flashcards

Thermo-Regulated Emergencies Flashcards

1
Q

What are types of environmental illnesses?

A
  • heat related illness
  • cold injury
  • altitude
  • UV light
  • lightning
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2
Q

Constant core temp is

A

37deg Celcius

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3
Q

What is hypothermia

A

body loses heat faster than it can produce heat

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4
Q

What is hyperthermia

A

heat gain is faster than body can shed heat

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5
Q

What happens in humid environments?

A

Sweat can’t evaporate as easity

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6
Q

Factors that affect exposure to thermoregulatory injuries

A
  • Physical condition (tolerating extreme temps)
  • Age (children, elderly, chronic illnessess)
  • Nutrition and hydration (calories for metabolism, water catalyst)
  • Environmental conditions (temp, humidity, wind)
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7
Q

Head stroke cases at what temp?

A

26.7deg C

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8
Q

Hypothermia at what temp?

A

-1 to 10deg C

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9
Q

What are the 4 ways the body loses heat?

A

1- radiation
2- convection
3- conduction
4- evaporation

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10
Q

Describe convection

A

loss of heat when air close to skin moves away taking body heat w/ it
- 40% loss thru head and neck

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11
Q

What is radiation

A
  • body heat emitted into environment
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12
Q

What is conduction

A
  • loss of body heat thru direct contact w/ another surface
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13
Q

In what environments do you lose heat faster due to conduction?

A
  • water
  • on ice (2x)
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14
Q

What is evaporation

A
  • loss of body heat thru evaporation of moisture in form of sweat on skin
  • during exercise: 75% heat loss in hot-humid environment
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15
Q

What are some preventions?

A
  • education
  • acclimatization (7-10 days)
  • monitor weight daily for dehydration (if >3%, rehydrate)
  • proper uniforms (light clothing)
  • monitor temp and environmental conditions
  • adjust practice times/intensity
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16
Q

What are heat related illnesses?

A
  • burns
  • heat edema
  • heat rash
  • heat syncope
  • heat cramps
  • heat exhaustion
  • heat stroke
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17
Q

What are burns a result from?

A
  • heat
  • electricity
  • chemicals
  • radiation
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18
Q

What are the burn degrees?

A

1st degree: superficial
2nd degree: partial thickness (blisters)
3rd degree: full thickness, all layers of skin (black/white charred tissue)

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19
Q

Burns tx

A
  • remove from source
  • flush w/ cool water up to 15mins
  • cover w/ loose, dry, sterile dressing
  • NO OINTMENT
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20
Q

How do you get heat edema?

A

sit/stand for a long time in a hot environment: swelling of feet/hands

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21
Q

S/S and Tx of heat edema

A
  • transient venodilation to facilitate core heat loss
  • normal body temp
  • dependent edema
    Tx: hydration, elevate LE, cooling
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22
Q

Edema test

A

Pitting: press finger into swollen area
Grade: identify how much fluid is in tissues

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23
Q

What are other names for a heat rash?

A

Prickly heat, miliaria rubra

24
Q

S/S and Tx of heat rash

A
  • profuse sweating saturates kin and clogs sweat ducts
  • pruritic rash (itchy)
  • normal body temp
    Tx: cooling, reduce clothing, antihistamines/lotions
25
Q

What are common types of exertional heat illnesses?

A
  • heat syncope
  • heat cramps
  • heat exhaustion
  • heat stroke
26
Q

Describe heat syncope

A
  • Orthostatic dizziness (often in un-acclimatized ppl, and standing for a long time)
  • usually first 5 days of unaccustomed heat exposure (before blood volume expands)
  • Contributing factors: dehydration, venous pooling of blood, reduced cardiac filling, low BP
27
Q

Heat syncope S/S

A
  • brief episode of fainting
  • dizziness
  • Tunnel vision
  • pale/sweaty skin
  • dec. pulse rate
28
Q

Tx of Heat syncope

A
  • remove from heat to shaded area
  • monitor vitals
  • elevate legs
  • cool skin
  • rehydrate
29
Q

What happens in heat exhaustion, heat cramps, and heat stroke?

A
  • electrolyte imbalance
  • inability to cool oneself
  • build up of heat, life-threatening
30
Q

Heat/muscle cramps during/after exercise: potential contributing factors

A
  • dehydration
  • electrolyte imbalances
  • fatigue
  • altered neuromuscular control
31
Q

Heat cramps S/S

A

short <5mins (overload and fatigue
- visible cramping
- localized pain
- dehydration
- thirst
- sweating
- fatigue
- normal or slightly elevated core temp (37C)

32
Q

Heat cramps tx

A
  • rest/relaxation
  • shade/cooler environment
  • slowly sip a COOL electrolyte-replacement beverage/water
  • passive stretching
  • icing, massage
33
Q

RTP for heat cramps

A
  • when cramps stop
    Review:
  • diet, hydration
  • electrolyte consumption
  • fitness lvl
  • acclimatization lvl
  • dietary supplements
34
Q

Describe heat exhaustion

A
  • normal or slightly raised core temp (37-39)
  • high rate/volume of skin blood flow, heaving sweating, dehydration
  • hot/humid environments
  • can progress to heat stroke
35
Q

Heat exhaustion S/S

A
  • excessive fatigue/exhaustion
  • profuse sweating
  • fainting
  • weakness
  • vomiting
  • nausea
  • light headedness
  • dehydration or intense thirst
  • low BP, pulse is weak, breathing is rapid and shallow
  • impaired muscle coordination
36
Q

Heat exhaustion Tx

A
  • rest
  • remove clothing
  • cool/shady place (fans, ice towels, cold pack to armpits and chest)
  • monitor vital signs
  • fluid replacement (electrolyte drink)
  • supine + elevate legs
  • cool until rectal temp 38.3
  • if no improvement after 30mins: 911 (or if vomiting, altered LOC, unable to drink)
37
Q

Can heat exhaustion occur over a number of days?

A

YES

38
Q

Main diff btwn heat exhaustion and heat stroke

A

Heat exhaustion: inability to cool oneself
- moist/clammy skin
- dilated pupils
- normal or subnormal temp
Heat stroke: build up of heat, life threatening
- dry hot skin
- pupils constricted
- very high body temp

39
Q

Describe heat stroke

A
  • least common, most severe
  • neuropsychiatric impairment and high core body temp (>40.5)
  • from environment and metabolic heat production of inhibited heat loss
  • First sign; CNS dysfunction
  • can progress to systemic inflammatory response and multi-organ system failure
40
Q

heat stroke S/S

A
  • hot+dry skin
  • red or pale skin
  • rapid, weak pulse (irregular)
  • hypotension
  • rapid, shallow breathing
  • thirst
  • altered LOC
  • loss of balance
  • seizure/coma
  • apathy
  • aggressive/delirious/hysterical
    -etc
41
Q

heat stroke tx

A
  • remove excess clothing
  • lower core temp to less than 38.9C
  • immerse into tub of cold water (2-14C): up to neck and stir
  • alternative: cold compresses (armpits, neck, groin), fan, lie down
42
Q

When to call 911?

A

Heat stroke: always
Heat exhaustion: nausea, vomiting, fainting, anxiety, dizziness

43
Q

How much water should you drink

A
  • 24oz 2 hrs before
  • 8oz 30min before
  • 6-8oz every 20-30mins during
    avoid too much water: dilutes electrolytes
    monitor colour of urine
44
Q

Acclimatization benefits:

A

Reduce:
- heart rate
- body temp responses
- skin temp responses
- perceived exertion

Increases:
- sweat rate
- sweat onset (earlier)
- heart function/blood distribution
- ability to perform in heat

45
Q

How to acclimatize?

A
  • max 1 practice per day for first 5 days
  • max 3hrs per day
  • no full gear until day 6
  • no full-contact until day 6
  • increase intensity GRADUALLY
  • inc. sodium in diet for first few days
  • no practice when sick
  • breaks and sleep
46
Q

What are the 3 categories of cold exposure injuries?

A
  • Hypothermia: dec. core temp
  • Frostbite: freezing injuries of the extremities
  • Chilblains: non freezing injuries of extremities
47
Q

What are the stages of frostbite?

A

1st degree (frostnip): irritates the skin
2nd degree (superficial frostbite): blisters, no major damage
3rd degree (deep frostbite): all layers of skin + permanent damage, numbness, jnts/muscles don’t work (large blisters 24-48hrs after rewarming, area turns black and hard)

48
Q

Frostbite S/S

A
  • waxy, pale skin to mottle skin
  • edema
  • redness
  • transient numbness/tingling
  • tissue is hard and does not rebound
49
Q

Frostbite: what happens when the tissues are actually frozen?

A

(-2C tissue temp)
- damage to cells
- warm blood shunted
- water crystallization

50
Q

Frostbite Tx

A
  • shelter, care, transport
  • drink smth warm (if alert)
  • no alcohol
  • remove jewelry
  • separate digits w/ dry sterile gauze
  • do not burst blisters
  • rewarm in control setting (rapid immersion with water 38-42C): painful
  • do not allow to refreeze: gangrene
  • elevate
51
Q

Explain hypothermia (S/S)

A
  • body temp under 35C
  • vessels constrict and body shivers at first
  • HR: rapid then slow
  • rapid to slow breathing
  • inc. BP
  • muscle stiffness
  • decreased LOC
52
Q

How to assess S/S of hypothermia

A
  • pull back glove, place hand on patient’s skin at abdomen
  • rectal temp
  • Never assume that a cold pulseless person is dead: maintain CPR until at hospital and rewarmed
53
Q

When to call 911

A
  • Impaired mvmt + not alert + not shivering
  • unconscious
54
Q

Hypothermia Tx

A
  • gentle handling (avoid ventricular fibrilation (V-fib))
  • remove from cold + remove wet clothes
  • dry blankets or sleeping bags
  • warm water bottles, heating pads, or electric blankets to upper torso
55
Q

What should a person with hypothermia ingest?

A

No: food, stimulants, smoke, tabacco, alcohol
Yes: warm, sweet fluids-water non-alcoholic liquids

56
Q

How to prevent hypothermia?

A
  • Nutrition + hydration
  • check temp and wind chill factor
  • proper layering: multiple layers (under/over), wicking close to skin, synthetic/wool clothing, scarfs/gloves/hat/socks
57
Q

What is C.O.L.D.

A

Cover: socks/gloves/hat/scarf
Overexertion: loosefitting, layered, lightweight clothing
Layers: outer (tightly woven, water-repellent) + inner (wool/silk/polypropylene)
Dry

CATA 262 (10 decks)

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