Blood borne Pathogen

Question 1

What are bloodborne pathogens

Answer 1

Pathogenic microorganisms present in human blood and other fluids that can lead to disease
(CSF, semen, vaginal secretion, synovial fluid)

Question 2

Examples of bloodborne pathogens

Answer 2

Hepatitis B (HBV)
Hepatitis C (HCV)
Humman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Question 3

What is the occurrence of HBV?

Answer 3

• over 12million americans infected
• up to 40 000 ppl in US newly infected each year

Question 4

S/S of HBV

Answer 4

“silent infection”
- jaundice
- fatigue
- abdominal pain
- loss of appetite
- intermittent nausea
- vomiting
- may lead to chronic liver disease, liver cancer, and death

Question 5

How long can HBV survive

Answer 5

At least 1 week in blood, fluids, dried blood, contaminated surfaces

Question 6

Occurrence of HCV

Answer 6

Most common chronic bloodborne infection in the US

Question 7

S/S of HCV

Answer 7

• jaundice
• fatigue
• abdominal pain
• loss of appetite
• intermittent nausea
• vomiting
• may lead to chronic liver disease and death

Question 8

Occurrence of HIV

Answer 8

around more than 1.1 million ppl

Question 9

Characteristics of HIV

Answer 9

• Leads to AIDS
• Affects immune system
• does not survive well outside body
• infected for life

Question 10

What are 2 other bloodborne diseases carried by viruses or bacteria

Answer 10

Zika Virus and Ebola Virus

Question 11

What are contamination sources (Biohazard)

Answer 11

• Blood
  Other Potentially Infectious Materials (OPIM):
• body fluids
• unfixed tissue/organ from human
• cultures, culture mediums, or other solutions
• experimental animal blood, tissues, or organs infected w/ HIV or HBV

Question 12

Spread of Bloodborne pathogens occurs through:

Answer 12

• direct contact (person)
• indirect contact (object)
• respiratory transmission (sneeze)
• vector-borne transmission (mosquito)

Question 13

How exposure occurs: (examples)

Answer 13

• Needlesticks
• cuts from other contaminated sharps
• contact of mucous membrane (eyes, nose, mouth) or broken skin w/ contaminated blood or OPIM
• Open sores, cuts, abrasions, acne, sunburn/blisters

Question 14

Risk of transmission in athletics?

Answer 14

• HIV: low
• Minimal on-field
• Higher risk: close contact + exposure to bodily fluids (martial arts)

Question 15

2 key components of standard precaution for controlling exposures:

Answer 15

1) treat all blood/bodily fluids as contaminated
2) proper cleanup + decontamination

Question 16

3 work practice controls:

Answer 16

1- safer medical devices
2- sharps disposal containers
3- hand hygiene

Question 17

Describe Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Answer 17

• dispose of in biohazard container
  examples:
• gloves
• masks
• aprons/smocks/gowns
• face shields
• mouthpieces
• safety glasses
• CPR pocket masks

Question 18

What is the protocol for immunization HBV

Answer 18

3-dose vaccination over 6 months

Question 19

Precautions with gloves

Answer 19

• Limit touching surfaces
• Dispose discoloured, torn, punctured
• wash hands after use

Question 20

CPR breathing barriers: use and types

Answer 20

• eliminate mouth-to-mouth (protect against saliva and blood)
  Types:
• Pocket mask (reusable)
• Face shield (one use)

Question 21

What are the types of dressing to be used in athletic environment

Answer 21

• occlusive dressing
• hydrocolloid dressing

Question 22

Explain occlusive dressing

Answer 22

• Seal from air, fluids, and contaminants
• immediate control of cleanliness and loss of blood (prevents cross-contamination)

Question 23

Explain hydrocolloid dressing

Answer 23

• tx of mildly exuding wounds
• flexible: difficult-to-dress areas

Question 24

When should you double gloves?

Answer 24

Severe bleeding and use of sharp instruments

Question 25

How to clean contaminated surfaces?

Answer 25

• Sodium hypochlorite (5.25%) diluted in a ratio of 1:9 (9 cups of water)
• Disposable cloth
• Leave for 10 mins
• rinse w/ water
• air dry

Question 26

How to take care of sharps?

Answer 26

• No not recap, bend needles or remove from syringe
• scissors and tweezer should be sterilized/disinfected regularly
• dispose in biohazard containers

Question 27

What to do if exposed?

Answer 27

• Hospital: post-exposure tx (withing 2hrs)
• wash needlesticks/cuts/exposed skin with soap + water (20min)
• Flush splashes to nose/mouth/skin with water or saline
• irrigate eyes w/ clean water, saline or sterile wash (20min)
• remove contacts