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CATA 262 > Head and facial Injuries > Flashcards

Head and facial Injuries Flashcards

1
Q

Sports-related facial injuries account for x of all facial soft tissue injuries

A

8%

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2
Q

What are some common types of facial injuries in athletes?

A
  • Soft tissue
  • Eye Injuries
  • Dental/dentoalveolar
  • Zygoma and mandible fractures
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3
Q

Mechanism of injury in facial injuries

A

Blunt force trauma (forces transmitted to the head)

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4
Q

What’s the difference btwn low speed and high speed blunt force trauma for facial injuries

A

Low: soft tissue (laceration, contusion)
High: bone/tooth fractures

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5
Q

What are the soft tissue facial injuries?

A

-Contusions
-Abrasions
-Lacerations
-Avulsions
-Hematomas

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6
Q

What is the MOI of soft tissue injuries in the face?

A

Direct contact with:
- another player
- equipment
- playing surface

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7
Q

What could be another injury when noticing facial contusions?

A

Concussion

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8
Q

In facial contusions there are varying degrees of:

A
  • Tenderness
  • Swelling
  • Ecchymosis
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9
Q

Tx of facial contusions

A
  • Ice for 15-20mins
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10
Q

What is the recovery time for facial contusions

A

days to weeks

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11
Q

What is another way of saying brain freeze?

A

Phenopalatine Ganglioneuralgia

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12
Q

What is phenopalatine ganglioneuralgia?

A
  • Quick change in blood vessel size/flow
  • areas: forehead, behind eyes, btwn skull and brain (meninges)
  • Pains signals through trigeminal n.
  • Pain perception at source AND front of head
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13
Q

What is the MOI of a facial abrasion?

A
  • Sliding: shearing force
  • Head impact?
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14
Q

Tx for facial abrasion

A
  • Stop bleed
  • Inspect and remove gauze
  • Clean (saline solution)
  • Remove foreign material (to avoid “tattooing”)
  • Dressing (non-adherant gauze) + Topical antibiotic ointment
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15
Q

When should you refer to a doctor for a facial abrasion? (infected)

A

Full thickness (tissue loss) or not healed after 14 days

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16
Q

S/S of infection

A
  • Redness
  • Swelling
  • Warmth
  • Pain or tenderness
  • Drainage (yellow, green, brown)
  • Foul odour
  • Inc. body temp
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17
Q

Describe the stages of infection

A

1: intact skin (non-blanchable redness)
2: partial thickness loss of dermis (ulcer w/o slough)
3: full thickness tissue loss (slough may be present)
4: full thickness tissue loss + exposed tendon/muscle (slough or eschar may be present)

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18
Q

How should you monitor an infection

A

Sharpie around injury and see if it spreads

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19
Q

What is Slough?

A

necrotic tissue to be removed for healing (yellow, tan, green, brown)

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20
Q

What is eschar?

A

Dead tissue (tan, brown, black)

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21
Q

What is the most common type of facial injury?

A

Lacerations

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22
Q

What are common areas for facial avulsion?

A

Nose, ear, lip

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23
Q

Tx incomplete facial avulsion

A
  • Stop bleed
  • Clean
  • Approximate + bandage + hospital
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24
Q

Tx complete facial avulsion

A
  • Recover avulsed tissue
  • 2 places to treat
  • wrap in saline-moistened gauze
  • place in bad, on ice (name + time)
  • tetanus immunization (human/animal bite, metal)
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25
MOI + Tx lip laceration
MOI: compression of lip on teeth Tx: stop bleed + clean, vaseline
26
What's special about oral mucosa (inside mouth)?
Only lacerations that heal well w/o sutures
27
Tongue laceration: MOI S/S Location Risk of...
MOI: biting down on tongue S/S: pain, swelling, bleeding Location: tip/middle section of tongue Risk of INFECTION
28
Tx of tongue laceration
- PPE - Irrigate, remove foreign bodies (rinsing mouth w/ clean water) - non-adherent sterile gauze - pressure + tip head fwd - stop bleed: reduce swelling/ pain by sucking on ice - Monitor for infection
29
When do tongue lacerations require repair?
- >1cm - bisect tongue - gaping wounds - uncontrolled bleeding
30
What is another term for nosebleed?
Epistaxis
31
What should you check for after nasal trauma?
Septal hematoma (very common)
32
What does a septal hematoma do? and how do you get rid of it?
Nasal obstruction, pain, rhinorrhea, fever (Hospital needs to drain it)
33
How does septal hematoma look?
Purple, grapelike swelling from nasal spetum
34
Whta is a facial hematoma?
Collection of blood within muscle, fascial, and dermal layers
35
Where are facial hematomas seen?
Over zygomatic and periorbital regions
36
Tx for facial hematoma
Ice + compression Monitor for: expansion, overlying skin necrosis, infection
37
What is cauliflower ear called?
- Auricular hematoma - Hematoma auris - Perichondrial hematoma
38
In which sports is auricular hematoma common?
- Boxing - Judo - Wrestling (martial arts)
39
What is the MOI of auricular hematoma?
MOI: blunt trauma or friction to outer ear
40
Explain how the auricular hematoma works?
- separation of perichondrium - ecchymotic collection in ant. ear (obscures auricular architecture) - blood/fluids fill space and disrupt normal blood flow
41
What is perichondrium?
- dense irregular connective tissue - source of nutrients for cartilage - outer skin from cartilage that forms the shape of the ear
42
How do you inspect the ear?
Observe for: - hematoma location(s) - discolouration - hematoma size - ear canal Palpation: soft/firm?
43
Auricular hematoma symptoms
- Localized swelling - redness - skin irritation - fluid may build up on outer ear - damage to cartilage (risk of infection)
44
Auricular hematoma Tx
- Rest - proper headgear - ice 15-20mins at a time (swelling/pain) - doctor: numb ear + remove fluid
45
What is the process of removing an auricular hematoma (doctor)
- draining - incision - cotton ball in ear + bandage + pressure (compression x 3-5days) - ear protectors 4-6 weeks
46
Which bones get fractured in facial fractures?
- nasal (3rd most common in body) - maxila - mandible - zygoma - orbital
47
in what age range is the occurrence for facial fractures the highest?
13-15
48
What are the MOI for facial fractures?
- Throwing/catching/hitting a ball - collision btwn players
49
Laceration on top of nose is a good indication of what?
nasal fracture
50
List the types of nasal fractures
- Unilateral - Bilateral - Open-book (splayed) - Impacted - Greenstick - Comminuted
51
What's the difference btwn a lateral and frontal blow for nasal fractures?
Lateral: more common, less severe damage, better prognosis Frontal blow: less common, more severe damage (residual deformity), poor prognosis
52
What are nasal fracture symptoms
- Pain - Nosebleeds - Swelling - Bruising - Deformity/deviation/asymmetry - Inability to breathe thru nose - Epiphora (overflow of tears) - Edema - Skin laceration - Septal hematoma
53
What is epiphora?
Overflow of tears
54
What should you check when palpating the nose?
- Nasal fracture - Mobility - Crepitations - Septal hematoma
55
S/S: mandibular fracture
- Deformity - Change in bite (visible step-offs) - Jaw mobility - Difficulty opening mouth - Teeth unaligned - Swelling - Bruising - Bleeding gums - Pain
56
What are the most common mandibular fractures, and how many breaks usually occur?
Condyle + Angle 60% of cases the break occurs in 2 places
57
What kind of bandage do you use for mandibular fracture?
Barton Bandage + gauze/mouthguard
58
What are the most affected areas for dental injuries?
- upper central - lateral incisors - enamel fracture - enamel-dentin fracture
59
How many dental injures were preventable?
1/3
60
Tx tooth displacement
Put affected teeth back into normal position
61
What are dentoalveolar fractures?
Fractures, displaced/broken/lost teeth, damage to supporting bone
62
Tx: Ellis Class I
Grinding/smoothing rough edges or restoring lost structure
63
Tx: Ellis Class II
bonded resin restoration or crowning
64
What is a dental concussion?
Injured tooth-supporting structures (doesn't increase mobility or displace tooth) - pain to percussion
65
What is dental subluxation?
- inc. mobility w/o displacement - gingival sulcus bleeding - no tx - if too much mobility: splint for 2 weeks
66
What is dental extrusion?
- partial displacement of tooth out of its socket Tx: reposition + 2 weeks splinting
67
What is dental intrusion?
Displacement of tooth into alveolar bone Tx: surgical repositioning >7mm intrusion
68
What is dental infraction?
- Enamel cracks - Usually asymptomatic
69
What is a dental root fracture?
Fracture confined to the root of the tooth involving: - Cementum - Dentin - Pulp
70
How to prevent oral injuries
Mouth guards: - cushion - redistribute shock - stabilize mandible
71
Types of mouth guards
1. Stock 2. Mouth-formed (boil-and-bite) 3. Custom fit
72
What are the 2 MOI of eye injuries?
- Blunt trauma - Penetrating trauma
73
MOI and S/S of eye contusion/periorbital hematoma (black eye)
MOI: blow to eye - discolouration from bleeding under skin - pain - swelling - contusion
74
Tx of eye contusion (including examination)
- Eye: vision, acuity, PERRLA - Palpation: bones - Head: rule out concussion Tx: ice, rest, protection
75
What are the affects to visual acuity from an eye contusion?
- blurred vision - peripheral vision - flashes = retinal detachment - double vision - focusing
76
What to look for in an eye injury examination?
- penetrating/foreign object - swelling (intra-ocular) - inspect structures - palpate around - PERRLA - eye mvmts
77
What do you do for a lid laceration?
Need expert care
78
Eye injury: NO RTP if
- blurry vision - double vision - peripheral vision - flashers or floaters - light sensitivity - abnormal PERRLA
79
What is blepharitis?
Inflammation of eyelids (exact cause unknown)
80
Potential causes of blepharitis
- clogging oil glands in eyelids - dandruff - bacterial infection - mites - rosacea - allergies
81
S/S blepharitis
- eyes watering - red eyes - gritty/burning/stinging sensation - eyelids look greasy - itchy, red, swollen eyelids - frequent blinking - crusted eyelashes when awakening - flaking skin - sensitivity to light - scarring of eyelid margin - abnormal direction of growth of eyelashes - loss of eyelashes - infection/erosions of cornea (ant. layer of eye)
82
Tx: blepharitis
- optometrist - self care + eyelid hygiene
83
What is subconjunctival hemorrhage?
Breakage of small blood vessel below clear surface of eye
84
Potential causes for subconjunctival hemorrhage?
- violent coughing/sneezing - straining - vomiting - roughly rubbing eye - trauma (foreign object)
85
S/S and Tx of subconjunctival hemorrhage
- bright red patch in sclera - scratchy feeling on surface of eye Tx: none
86
S/S blow-out/orbital fracture
- immediate blindness or delayed loss of vision - infraorbital numbness - skin/muscle damage - diplopia (double vision) - Ecchymosis - Edema - Numbness below eye (infra-orbital n.) - Enophthalmos
87
What is diplopia
Double vision
88
What is enophthalmos
Post. displacement of eyeball within orbit

CATA 262 (10 decks)

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