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CATA 262 > Sport-related concussion > Flashcards

Sport-related concussion Flashcards

1
Q

Concussion definition

A

Any transient, post-traumatic alteration in mental status of an individual

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2
Q

What is SRC

A

Sport related concussion: traumatic brain injury induced by biomechanical forces

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3
Q

SRC MOI

A

direct blow to head, neck, or body
- results in an impulsive force transmitted to brain

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of concussions

A

1- Direct impact injury
2- acceleration-deceleration injury
3- blast injury

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5
Q

What is the physiological response to a concussion?

A
  • Neurotransmitter and metabolic cascade
  • possible axonal injury
  • blood flow change
  • inflammation affecting the brain
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6
Q

What is the time for recovery from a concussion? and when do S/S occur?

A

S/S may present immediately or evolve over mins/hours
- commonly resolved within days

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7
Q

When looking for a concussion, no abnormality is seen on:

A

standar structural neuroimaging studies (CT or MRI T1 and T2-weighted images)

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8
Q

In research setting, abnormalities may be present on:

A

functional, blood flow, or metabolic imaging studies

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9
Q

Clinical S/S of concussions may occur concomitantly w/

A
  • other injuries: cervical, peripheral vestibular dysfunction
  • other comorbidities: psychological factors, coexisting medical conditions
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10
Q

What to check for in MOI

A
  • direct or indirect?
  • position of athlete
  • falling after or not?
  • hitting head again? (rebound)
  • total #hits
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11
Q

What are the 4 Rs for concussion identification and management?

A

Recognize
Remove
Refer
Return

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12
Q

What are the 4 categories in recognizing a concussion?

A

1- cognitive
2- physical
3- behavioural
4- emotional

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13
Q

What are some physical S/S of an acute concussion

A
  • LOC, impaired consciousness
  • poor coordination
  • convulsions/seizures
  • unsteady gait, loss of balance
  • slow answers
  • poor concentration
  • nausea/vomiting
  • vacant stare “glassy eyes”
  • slurred speech
  • personality change
  • inappropriate behavious/emotions
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14
Q

What are some cognitive S/S (acute concussion)

A
  • unaware of score/period (Maddock’s)
  • Unaware of date, place, time (orientation)
  • Amnesia
  • LOC
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15
Q

Typical S/S of acute concussion

A
  • headache
  • dizziness
    -nausea
    -tinnitus
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16
Q

What are some emotional S/S of acute concussion

A
  • anxiety
  • irritability
  • mood changes
  • sadness
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17
Q

What are red flags for concussions?

A
  • GCS <15 (alertness)
  • tingling/numbness/burning
  • double vision
  • weakness in extremities
  • vomiting
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18
Q

What does SCAT 6 stand for?

A

Sport Concussion Assessment Tool-6

19
Q

When should you use the SCOAT 6?

A

in first 72 hrs and up to 1 week after injury

20
Q

What is the CRT6

A

Concussion recognition tool-6
- students use this

21
Q

Who is the Child SCAT6 used on

A

8-12

22
Q

What happens in second-impact syndrome?

A
  • loss of autoregulation of circulation to the brain
  • can be fatal
  • when a second head injury occurs before the first is healed
  • brain edema + inc. pressure
  • may lead to cerebral herniation
  • brainstem failure in 2-5 mins
23
Q

How do you recognize second-impact syndrome?

A
  • “stoned” appearance
  • no loss of consciousness
  • 15seconds to a few mins
  • sever S/S: loss of eye mvmt, respiratory failure, dilated pupils
24
Q

If dizziness, headaches, and neck pain remain 10 days following injury:

A

cervico-vestibular rehabilitation is recommended

25
Q

Can you return to sport before returning to school?

A

NO

26
Q

How do you start a head injury assessment?

A
  • PPE
  • unconscious? 911
  • LOC: AVPU
  • ABCd
    d: rule out spinal, rule out concussion
27
Q

What are the 4 criteria for Oriented X4

A

Person, place, time, event

28
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

does not remember anything before the trauma

29
Q

what is anterograde amnesia (post-traumatic amnesia PTA)

A

does not remember anything after trauma

30
Q

Severity of injury vs. GCS scale

A

Mild: 14-15
Moderate: 9-13
Severe: 3-8

31
Q

When checking eye tracking what are you looking for?

A

Nystagmus

32
Q

What should the normal pupil gauge be?

A

3.86mm

33
Q

What is aniscoria?

A

one pupil bigger than the other

34
Q

How do you test the cranial nerves?

A

Vision:
- Pupillary reflex PERRLA
- visual acuity/focus
- eye mvmts (+peripheral vision)
Facial expression: smile

35
Q

How do grade the digits concentration assessment on SCAT 6?

A

Yes: 1
No+Yes: 1
No+No: 0

36
Q

What to do after a concussion?

A
  • avoid alcohol and prescription or non-prescription drug
  • no driving
  • RTP requires medical clearance
37
Q

What is the romberg test?

A

Balance test in SCAT6

38
Q

What is pronator drift?

A

Arms facing up, then one arm turns inwards and downwards

39
Q

What are the 2/3 things you need to maintain balance?

A

1- Vision
2- Vestibular function
3- Proprioception

40
Q

What is a positive romberg test?

A

Loses balance (from peripheral neuropathy, dorsal root ganglia, or dorsal column disease)

41
Q

Which n. does the pupillary Reflex (PERRLA) test?

A

Oculomotor n. C III

42
Q

Which n. does acuity/focus test?

A

Optic n. C II

43
Q

Which n. does eye mvmts test?

A

Trochlear n. C IV; Abducens n. C VI

44
Q

Which n. does smile test?

A

Facial n. C VII

CATA 262 (10 decks)

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