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Animal Cognition > theory of mind + intentionality > Flashcards

theory of mind + intentionality Flashcards

1
Q

what is theory of mind

A

capacity to understand others have own and sepaerate minds (beliefs, desires, knowledge etc)

‘socialfunction of intellect’; macchiavellian intelligence and deceptoiiin

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2
Q

at what age in humans does TOM develop

A

3-5 years old

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3
Q

what might be the coginitive origins of TOM?

A

cognitive capacity

building on from simple capacities

an emergent property of different emergent properies

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4
Q

how is TOM measured

A

self recognition; mirror test Gallup

false belief test; puppet

gaze following

perspective taking

deception

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5
Q

describe the mirror test

A

Gallup 1970; measures self awareness

mark ‘self’ with paint; see if abillity to recognize self in mirror if ‘wiped off’

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6
Q

who passes the mirror test

A

all great apes

child 2+ years

elephants; debated (but possible depending on mirror size)

cleaner wrasse fish maybe

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7
Q

what is related to TOM

A

tactical deception (woodruff and premark 1979)

macchiavellian intelligence Byrne Whiten 1988

Politics de waal

mind reading

intellect adn sociality

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8
Q

how might TOm might an emergent propertyu

A

Barrett et al 2003:

combination of

  1. causal reasoning
  2. analogal reasonign
  3. episodeic memory

which requires
1. control of behaviour

2, large brain capactiy

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9
Q

describe the extended false belief test (undrstanding qualitive differences of others)

A

given to 3-7 year olds

‘false belief test’; where at age 3 children can understand that different minds of people

god is all knowing, dog less able

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10
Q

how can primate mental state attribution be measured?

A

anecdotes

contiditional discrimination testing

trapping

triangulation (heyes 1993)

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11
Q

what is triangulation

A

whereby animals differenfeitae bewteen one mental state and another

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12
Q

how is triangulation tested

A

on chimps: guessor vs knower roles

guesseor leaves room and knower manipulates food container

chimps to ‘point’ out food pag

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13
Q

chimps + TOM (tomasello and call 2008) experiments

A

chimps understand goals and intentions of others

experiments:

gaze following (chimps and infants)

gestural communication (position self to a gesture; awareness of body-language connection)

food competition (pick food competition that others dont see)

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13
Q

chimps + TOM (tomasello and call 2008) experiments

A

chimps understand goals and intentions of others

experiments:

gaze following (chimps and infants)

gestural communication (position self to a gesture; awareness of body-language connection)

food competition (pick food competition that others dont see)

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14
Q

behavioural abstraction hypothesis

A

constructing categories of behaviour and making predicitons

humans added extra abillity for intentionallity

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15
Q

perspective taking

A

‘from who does ape beg?’; blindfolded individuals vs mouthfolded individual

abillity to understand body function and output

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16
Q

povinelli argues

A

chimps dont have TOM because in persective takign case they dont differentiate between bliindfoloded/nonblind folded

but tomasello: tjey dont get task! rahter gaze following

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17
Q

woodlice case study

A

shelltleworth 1994:

woodlice move to humid spots; is this because of a mind goal?

no (data); a form of emergent distribution

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18
Q

rats: colwill and descorla 1985 study: what does it test?

A

INTENTION:
1. idea must be achieved via action (GOAL)
2. there must be motivation to do so

rats given response=based stimulus

  1. press bar for sugar
  2. pull chain for pellets

response for sugar stable but extinction occurs–> value for pellets decrease over time

19
Q

False Belief Test

A

Sally and Ann (Baron-Cohen et al 1985)

Sally—> clown

Ann—> Little girl

2 box task + a bear

asked ‘where does Sally hink the bear is?

children from 5 years + pass it

20
Q

how is the false belief task tested on chimps

A

call and tomasello 1999:

box, reward, communicator + hider + partiicpant

21
Q

do chimps pass the false belief task

A

at first glance (1999 call and tomasello); No.

second glance 2017 krupenlas: red dot analysis of ‘gaze’ shows chimps DO pass

22
Q

what are the cognitive explanations behidn gaze following

A

low level: response to movement

high level: understand others see something else

23
Q

social gaze following + experiment

A

Gossen et al 2008 long tailed macaques:

showed subjects look UP when demonstrators do; stronger when demonstrator has a social expression of fear/agggression

24
Q

target of attention gaze following + experiment

A

povienlli/tomasso: all greap apes follow gaze of humans around barriers

overduin vreis et al: LT macaques recognize hierarhcy of others and dominance; open mouth + dominants followed (DOMINATNS FOLLOWED MORE)

25
Q

perspective taking + experiment

A

food competition in LT macaques:

when monkeys know others can see food; gaze follow more

  1. if one way barier; look at food
  2. if two way barrier; dont look at food
26
Q

what cognitive abillities do apes have

A

self recognition

false belief

gaze following

peserspective taking

deception

27
Q

what cotnigive abillities do monkeys have

A

self recognition (diverse)

false belief?

gaze following yes

perspective taking yes

deception X

28
Q

what are the types of deception

A
  1. strategic (0 order)
  2. tactical ( 1 order)
  3. intentional (2 and 3 order)
29
Q

strategic deception

A

adopt anatomy via evolution to others (coincidence, automatic, conditioning)

i.e. physiology, like mimicry

30
Q

tactical deception

A

acts from normal reperotire in atypitcal context; creation of false beliefs (to benefit of actor; unerstand what others cant see/know)

beahvioural; goal to decieve

intensified by operant conditioning and experience

31
Q

goals of tactical deception

A

manipulate objects

manipulate people (social tools)

gain resources

32
Q

types of tactical deception

A

visual concealment

acoustic concealment

attention inhibition

distraction

creating false images

manipulate taget with social tools

33
Q

exmaples visual concealment

A

sneaky matings; lt macaques

safari in chimps

34
Q

examples acoustic concealement

A

vwithold alarm calls/give false ones (i.e. geladas dont vocalize during EPP/ chimps icnrease audio to exaggerate aggression)

35
Q

example attention inhibition

A

gorillas avoid looking at desired objects to prevent others from looign at it

36
Q

manipulate target w social tools?

A

a ‘fall guy’ i.e. trump and obama

37
Q

creating an image

A

injury; pretending in chmps

38
Q

honest signalling

A

zavahi 1975 high costs of deception, response of hard to fake signals (handicaps like peacock tail)

but deception can still occur at low level (behavioural)

39
Q

deceptive signalling

A

transmission of misinformation of one animalt o the same/different species to propogte untrue beliefs

  • flexible use of multiple + novel signals and actions
  1. deprive information

2, dishonest signals and coercion

40
Q

interspecies”anti-predator deception PREY examples

A

mimicry—> hawk moth like an owl/mimic octopus like lionfish

crypsis—> insects pretending to be leaves vai camoflauge

distraction—> plover display

41
Q

interspecies”anti-predator deception PREDATOR examples

A

mimicry: male jumping spiders mimic courtship signals of females of other sepcies

imitation: male fireflies imiate femaleflaslights of prey on male of other species

42
Q

interspecific (conspecific) deception examples

A

food competition—> TUFTED CAPUCHISN use antipredator calls to decieve dominatns for food

ravens lead conspecifics away from food

43
Q

non predator deception examples

A

cuckoldry: placing eggs into nest of another to rase them; the cuckoo cildrne taken on audio/visual markers of adopted nest

parent-offspring communication; cuckoos vocalize extra for more food

44
Q

what is intentional deception?

A

making a target believe something false (creating false beliefs)

understanding others mental states

45
Q

how do chimps use intentioanl deception

A

chimps decieve humans during reward task experiment by choosing food hidden from human view (hare et al 2006)

46
Q

critique of anecdote studies on deception?

A

not systematic

underrepresented

coincicential

might be social learning and not TD2 (so rather TD1)

Animal Cognition (10 decks)

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