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Animal Cognition > Primate socioecology > Flashcards

Primate socioecology Flashcards

1
Q

what is anti predator behavior

A
  1. activity patterns; diurnal/nocturnal
  2. predator calls (vervets)
  3. group dynamics (dilution effect, selfish herd, vigilance, alarm calls, safety in numbers)
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2
Q

safety in #s example

A

red colombus monkeys live with diana monkeys

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3
Q

what is a primate social organization composed of

A

group formation

mating system

dominance (hierarchy)

coaliations

dispersal patterns

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4
Q

principles of primates

A

anti predator behaviour

competition

dominance

sex differences in sex stratgies

infanticie

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5
Q

what types of food competition are there (WHEN FOOD IS A LIMITING FACTOR)

A

scramble

contest

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6
Q

scramble competition

A

food is dispersed and available

resources not monopolizeable

so MM competitio for fmeales is a SCRAMBLE

often low value resources ;i.e. gorillas or howlers live in terriestial herbaceous habitats

efficnency determiend by amount

aggression, kin support and rank stabillity is low

migration, non liniear egalitarian and individualistic group structures

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7
Q

contest competition

A

food is limtied and clumped

monopolizable as MM competition for FM is a CONTEST

chimps and aggression= uneven gain

common aggression, kin support, high rank stabillity

linear despotic nepotisic group structures

i.e. chimps and vervets

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8
Q

when fod is not limiting…

A

no aggression, dominance, home range etc

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9
Q

when food is limiting..

A

intergroup aggression

if clumped; dominance effect

if disperesed; no dominance effect

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10
Q

WGS

A

within group scramble; impacted by group size

per capita food intake–> high in small groups but dominance not too important

large groups have differential food intake between HR and LR

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11
Q

BGS

A

between group scramble; potential dominance

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12
Q

WGC

A

within group contest; dominance effect for per capita food intake

more animals= less to eat= hence rank has a strong influence on what and when you can eat

hence female ALLIANCES are important

leads to resident nepotistic societies

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13
Q

BGC

A

between group contest: population density

percapita food intake depends on dominance

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14
Q

sexual strategies

A

intrasexual
intersexual

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15
Q

intersexual competition

A

males compete against other males

sperm competition; differential testes size = mating system

intrinsic qualities (dominance); so subordinates sneaky matings and deception

friendships and coalitions

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16
Q

intrasexual

A

males compete for females

need:
attractiveness
male health
gene compatibility
male services (resources, care, protection)

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17
Q

benefits for male infanticide

A

enhance RS

prevent parenting to unrelated child

shorten ibi

father next infant

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18
Q

female counter strategies to infantcid

A

defend infant
other fanther/friends defend infant
hide ovulation
synchronize ovulation
mate while pregantn
mate with male males

19
Q

india vs nepal primate langur

A

INDIA; provisioned (escapes tough environmental conditions) so females can have asynchronous fertility–> leads to monopolization by a male (harem) and higher infanticide

NEPAL: tough environmental conditions; females synchronize in summer (seasonality);

20
Q

india vs nepal primate langur

A

INDIA; provisioned (escapes tough environmental conditions) so females can have asynchronous fertility–> leads to monopolization by a male (harem) and higher infanticide

NEPAL: tough environmental conditions; females synchronize in summer (seasonality);

leads to multi-male multi-female promiscuous systems; less infanticide but higher sperm competition

21
Q

wrangham 1980: resources and male-female reslationships

A

females: food safety

males: ferliziations

so food distribution, predation risk–> impact where females are

infanticide risk–> if females have friends

females–> comeptition type–> social relationships

22
Q

number of males

A

number of females and synchronocy of females; whether or not they are monopolizable

23
Q

dominacne hiearchies

A

monopolizable resources

24
Q

permanent residency (of males)

A

mate guarding
predator defence
infant protection

i.e. rhesus macaques

25
Q

costa rica vs peru squirrel monkeys

A

in CR:
- small and many fruit treest
so egaliatrian and high female dispersal

PERU:
large fruit trees and few

leads to linear dominacne hierarchies, little female dispression

26
Q

egalitarian strcutures + ranking

A

LOW WGC/BGS and yes/no philopatrry

27
Q

nepotistic/desspotiic ranking

A

highWGC and low BGS; yes philopatry

28
Q

nepotistic tolerant rankings

A

high WGC and HIGH BGS; yes philopatry

29
Q

how does socioecoloy function

A

environment: where can i survive?

grouping structuree: who lives with whom

mating structure: who mates with whom?

breeding structre: who reproduces with whom?

30
Q

ecoloical pressures and sex selection

A

FF need more paternal care; limited resource food and safety

MM; increase fitness by maximizing gertliziations; limited resources are FF

so RS variance stronger among MM than FF

31
Q

why do FF live in groups?

A

intrinsic factors—> socialiaty difficult as gregariousness leads to increasex competition

so extrinsic factors lead to FF to clumpb (resource defence, predator defence)

32
Q

resource defense

A

social prssure from conspecifics (wrangham 1979);

birth rates increase as group size increases eso intragroup competition outweights intergroup competition in very large groups

33
Q

preadtor defences

A

van schaik 1983: ecological presssure from predators

birth rates decline with increasing group size because nothing counterats within group competition

34
Q

predator defence vs resource defense

A

Dunbar 1988 tested:
predation risks sets lower limit
within group competition sets upper limit

35
Q

BGC + WGS

A

per capita food intake higher in for more dominance groups (larger groups) than smaller suborrdinate groups

resident egalitarian (as some participation is needed; collective action problem)

36
Q

BGS and WGC

A

Per capita food intake higher in large groups and dependent on within group dominance status

high female philopatry, lienar dominacne hiearchy and resident-nepoistic tolerant

37
Q

MM map themslves on FF distribution..

A

spatial: females go to food

temporal: synchronicity of female fertillity

38
Q

diespresed FF distribution

A

either solitary or desynchronized grouops= leads to monogamy/polygyny

39
Q

clumped FF distribution

A

females in group might have synchronized by seasonal habitat= polygynandrouns or non-monopolizable (baboons)

40
Q

variations of MM and FF distribution

A

FF chimps monpolized by coalltion of MM

oranguatns monpolized by single male because descynhorinized

gibbons engage in EPC depsite monogamy

41
Q

polygyny threshold model

A

where MM defend resources/range instead of chasing after ff;

‘better to be second wife of rich man’

likely to lead to polygyny when there territories have different value in terms of resources (food shelter microcalimate etc)

42
Q

agonistic relationships dimensions

A
  1. egalitrian to despotic
  2. individual to nepotistic (RANK AND RELATIVE)
  3. TOLERANCE (TOLERANCE INCREASE= DECREASE OF AGGRESSION; increase in reconciliation)
43
Q

additional factors that impact priamte social systems

A

risk of infanticide

habitat saturation

44
Q

classes of female social relationships

A

Dispersien Egalitarian

Resident Nepoistic

Resident Nepoistic Tolerant

Resident Egaliatrian

Animal Cognition (10 decks)

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