learning

Question 1

learning defintion

Answer 1

change in an animal caused by experienced detectable later in their behaviour

Question 2

individual learning

Answer 2

Conditioning (trial and error)

Insight (experiments by Wolfgang Köhler, 1912)

Stimulus enhancement (exposure to problem-solving situation)

Question 3

social learning

Answer 3

Emulation (duplicate result, but not method)

Imitation (read intention of others; “Monkey see, monkey do”)

Teaching

Question 4

general learnign mechasnims

Answer 4

conditionin (Classic/operant)

trial and error

insight

food avoidance

socia learning

Question 5

classical conditionign

Answer 5

pavolv dog (passive learning)

neutral response (reinforcement)

Question 6

operant conditioning

Answer 6

shape the behaviour

skinner rat box (active learning)

voluntary and consequence driven

positive and negative reinforcement

Question 7

trial and error

Answer 7

thorndike ‘puzzle box’

hungry cats; selfreinforced learnign based on positive/negative outcomes

Question 8

insight learning

Answer 8

Köhler–> sudden realization of solution to a problem

apes and stacking boxes with banana hanging experiment: understand relationship between elements to solve a problem, driven by previous experiences

Question 9

social learning

Answer 9

produced by others; social and public information

Question 10

social learning: why?

Answer 10

conserve energy

save time

minimize exploration risks

Question 11

risks of social learning and costs

Answer 11

out of date information

false information or irrelevant information

developmental fallabillity

large brain size and complexity

decreased competitive abillity

delayed reproduction

increase juvenile vulernabillity

increased parental investment

Question 12

processes behind social learning

Answer 12

Gildaleu 1997:

1. area coping: LOCAL ENHNACEMENT
   —-> blue tits go to where others area
2. object copying: STIMULUS ENHNACEMENT

—> blue tits focus on milk bottles because others do

3. behaviour copying: IMITATION/EMULATION

—> blue tits open milk bottles and drink because others do

Question 13

producers vs scroungers study

Answer 13

barnard and sibly 1981:

scrougers use investemnts of others to gain access to limited resource sin frequency-dependent areas

tend to steal food, nest parasitism etc.

example: house sparrow: producers forage, scroungers steal (but too many producers outcompete scroungers)

Question 14

collared fly catcher case study

Answer 14

quantity vs quality: testing the public information hypothesis

IMMIGRATION: lowers when quantity and quality do not align (no local information)

EMMIGRATION: when there is an increase in the population so not enough quality/quantity

Question 15

how is social learnin studied

Answer 15

demonstrator-observer pairing

observational conditioning

imitation/emulation experiments

neurocognitive mechanisms

Question 16

public information hypothesis

Answer 16

animals monitor current reproductive success of ocnspecifics to assess local habitat quality and choose breeding sites

Question 17

demonstrator observer pairing studies

Answer 17

1. rat food choice

2, mate choice in guppies

Question 18

rat food choices and infants

Answer 18

galef and cleark 1971:

without parents food avoidance is not learned

but possibly some avoidance is transmitted in breast milk (learning)

Question 19

mate choice in guppies

Answer 19

Dugatkin et al 1996: prior preferences change to majority anad of high status individual

for example guppies prefer males with orange but when this is experemtnally changed, they then prefer less orange males if others do so (Post exposure to new preference)

Question 20

observational conditioning studies

Answer 20

toy snak and flower experiment w macaques

Question 21

toy snake and flower experiment

Answer 21

cook and mineka 1990: looked at fear learning in lab-born macaques

videos of adults reacting in ‘fear’ to snake and flower

the fear of snake is learned, but not flower—> hence ‘genetic predisposition to fear’

Question 22

observational conditionin

Answer 22

learning responses from othres, such as fear

Question 23

imitation and emulation studies?

Answer 23

yawning (massen)

whiten et al 1997: fruit bo

buttelmeann et al 2007; overimitaiton

Question 24

whiten et al 1997 fruit box

Answer 24

chimps and children given boxes with fruit to poke/twist around

children: 2-3 tend to IMITATE MORE

chimps tend to EMULATE more

Question 25

whiten et al 2009 imitation

Answer 25

chimsp are emulators only in SIMPLE tasks

Question 26

buttelmann et an 2007 overimitation

Answer 26

raitonal imitation in chimps and children studied (i.e. use hands but not feet to open door)

both pass

Question 27

neurocognitive mechanisms studies

Answer 27

amygdala is the ‘fear’ centre in brian and lights up during exposures in learning

Question 28

van de waal 2013 vervets + social learning

Answer 28

food migraiton habits based on GROUP NORMS and not individual behaviours

migration males= adopt new group behaviour especially from strong HR individuals

Question 29

smolla et al 2015 social learning is favoured when..

Answer 29

competition for limited resourcs;

favoured when weak competition

resource quality variance is high and low environmental change

less socia learning when low variance and high competition within patch

Question 30

how to track behaviour change?

Answer 30

1. genetic evolution
2. individual behavioura plasticility (innovation, social learning, individual learning)

Question 31

describe when social learnign might occur

Answer 31

under intermediate environmental change

Question 32

when will behavioural channges occur under different environments?

random

rapid

intermediate

slow

Answer 32

RANDOM; none

RAPID: individual

INTERMEDIATE; social

SLOW: genetic

Question 33

rendell et al 2010 models show..

Answer 33

social laerning better than asocial learing even when asocial learning has no cost difference and when SL is not used