Communication

Question 1

define communication

Answer 1

signal-reciever interactions using information transmissed via the external environment to alter reciever behaviour

Question 2

define signal

Answer 2

an action or trait that alters the recipitent behaviour who coevolved that effect

Question 3

define cue

Answer 3

an action or trait which a recipitnet may acquire information and make decisions that have not been slected for to alter behaviour i.e. eaves dropping

Question 4

what is true communication

Answer 4

acts influencing behaviour of another which have evolved because of that effect and its effective because the recievers response has also evolved

Question 5

what is cooperative cooperation

Answer 5

normally WITHIN species;

co evolution/adaptation leadings of production and comprehensions of mutually beneficial and effiicient communication in…

Question 6

examples of cooperative cooperation

Answer 6

FORAGING; bee wiggle dance, food calls

SEX SELECTUION; peacock tail and bird songs

PREDATION: alarm calls, eye gazes

Question 7

what is non cooperative communication

Answer 7

selfish, manipulative, deceptive

increase of signallers fitness at expense of each other

Question 8

examples of non-cooperative cooperation

Answer 8

foraging: false alarm calls; ravens and capuchins

sneaky copulations

mimicry

Question 9

what does human communication consist of

Answer 9

language

verbal signs

body language

gestures

facial expressions

Question 10

human communication building blocks

Answer 10

1. semantics
2. learned/generative
3. syntax
4. intention to communicate (triadic communicaiton)

Question 11

semantics

Answer 11

words have specific meaning

Question 12

generative

Answer 12

words can be restructured to build sentences/larger meanings; unlimied number of novel signals with complex sentences; modify vocals and acqure/produce new vocals

Question 13

syntax

Answer 13

hierarchy rules structures; infinite use of fintine meaning

combining phonmees–>words–> sentences

is lexical: recombiniation changes meaning

Question 14

triadic communication

Answer 14

intention to inform others about external, non present entities

Question 15

2 ways human language might have evolved

Answer 15

DISCONTINIOUS: language evolved noncontinious from others; emergent trait

CONTINIOUS: language builds on from other aspects of animal communicaiton systems
i.e. human ‘like’ lanauge capacities; bird songs (generative and learned) or priamtes?

Question 16

what do primates have language wise

Answer 16

learning

gnerativitiy

semantics

synatx

but intentionality is questioned

Question 17

testing: SEMANTICS in non-humans

Answer 17

vervets have predator calls (seyfarfth et al): leoaprds, snake, eagle etc.

these are functionallity referential (group members respond) and consist of a PRDOCUTION of a context-specific vocal where others PERCEPTION aligns with it

= impacted action: aerial and ground protection, + level of threat

• but are calls made with INTENTIOn to warn others or a reflexibe fear response

Question 18

what other nonhuman animals hae semantics

Answer 18

diana monkeys

campbell monkeys

colobus monkeys

meerkats

ravens

dolphins

Question 19

testing GENERATIVITY in mon humans

Answer 19

dolphins have names

birds can learn (especially in critical period)

captive orangutans can imitate human whisltinig

chimps use raspbeers to grab a keeper attention (but sounds arent vocalizations)

seals can imitate human songs (vocal learning)

Question 20

controversies in ape learning: explanations

Answer 20

vicky the chimp; only spoke 4 words

explanation 1: apes lack anatomy

but Fitsch et al 2013 shows rhesus macques have the antomy (computer models of vocal cords)

explanation 2: apes lack the mental wiring

Question 21

japanese rhesus macaques…

Answer 21

when crossfostered, dont adapt to new vocals of a new group

Question 22

testing SYNATX

Answer 22

bird songs!: combine call units to form higher meaning (japanese blue tit: vocals combined to predator, attract mates, or attract conspecifics against predators)

campbell monkeys: add prefies or suffixes to change alarm call meaning

puttynosed monkey: combine vocals to form new meaning: pyog (leaoprd) + hack (eagle)= lets move

Question 23

grice 1957

Answer 23

intentional communicaiton; deliberate target at an individual

requires understanding of recipitient and a behavioural change

Question 24

intentioal communicaiton involves what?

Answer 24

voluntary control over signals

signals directed at specific individuals

goal directed

manipulate reciver and understand contedt `

Question 25

testing voluntary control (of IC)

Answer 25

fixed signals vs flexible signals

audience effect= signals only produced if audience is there but this may be automatic (tomasello)

Question 26

reciptient directed testing (of IC)

Answer 26

composition of audience;

i.e. chimp food only produce calls to friends and HR individuals (Schell et al 2013)

Question 27

testing goal directed (of IC)

Answer 27

thomas langur alarm calls stop when all of the gorup is safe

chimps stop to produce snake alarm calls when everyone is safe

Question 28

mental state attribution (of IC)

Answer 28

monkeys dont consider knoweldge of others BUT chimps do: tailor alarm calls according to what others chimps know (danger awarenss)