theory of mind and emotions

Question 1

social cognition

Answer 1

thinking about the perceptions, thoughts, emotions, motives, and behaviors of self, other people, groups and even whole social situations

Question 2

naive psychology

Answer 2

desire, beliefs, action

Question 3

theory of mind

Answer 3

understanding that people have mental states such as desires, beliefs and intentions and that these mental states guide their behavior
- 2 yr olds: know desire and actions, not beliefs
- 3 yr olds: understand desire and belief = behavior, but not false-belief problem,s
- 5 yr olds: find false belief problems easy

Question 4

false-belief people

Answer 4

people will at with belief even if incorrect

Question 5

False Belief smarties study

Answer 5

asked what’s in the box (pencils but kid says smarties), if asked after opening and says pencils he fails, if he says smarties = passes

Question 6

Sally and Anne study

Answer 6

sally puts marble in basket, Anne transfers to box, child thinks Sally will think it’s in the box (fail)

Question 7

ToM performance

Answer 7

autism kids failed = “Mind Blindness”

Question 8

Developing Theory of Mind

Answer 8

joint attention, understanding intentions, pretend play, imitation, emotional understanding, implicit ToM

Question 9

Desire and Desire-belief Psychology

Answer 9

Wellman said kids develop in 2 phases
1. Desire psychology
2. Belief-desire psychology

Question 10

milestones in ToM

Answer 10

• birth-2: joint attention, understanding of intentions, pretend play, imitation, emotional understanding
• 2: desire psych
• 4: belief-desire psych
• 5: understand second-order beliefs, sarcasm, different views of reality

Question 11

“social brain”

Answer 11

a network of areas in the brain that specializes in thinking about the social world self and others

Question 12

mirror neurons involved in ToM

Answer 12

Neurons that are activated both when we perform an action and when we observe someone else perform the same action

Question 13

children construct ToM jointly through…

Answer 13

language experience, parent mental state talk, interactions with siblings and peers, cultural differences

Question 14

trait perception

Answer 14

physical appearance, possessions and activities at young age
-7/8: psychological traits
- adolescents: distinctive personality traits

Question 15

perspective taking

Answer 15

ability to adopt another person’s perspective and understand her thoughts and feelings
- 3-6: egocentricism
- 8-10: 2 pov’s
- 12: multiple pov’s

Question 16

emotions

Answer 16

complex phenomenon that involved:
- subjective feeling
- physiological changes
- behavior
- usually cognitive appraisal

Question 17

Elderly adults slow decline in…

Answer 17

fluid intelligence
executive control processes
info processing speed
memory
-social cognitive skills hold up

Question 18

Theories of Emotion: no universal agreement

Answer 18

• discrete emotion theory: innate and discrete from early on in life
• functionalist approach: role of environment in emotional development

Question 19

emotions infancy

Answer 19

basic/primary emotions
- biological motives/organizes behavior
- within 6 months (birth = happy, interest, sad and then develops)

Question 20

Happiness

Answer 20

• smile is 1st sign (social smiles at 6-7 weeks)
• 7 months: smile at familiar people
• 3-4 months: laughs
• 2 yrs: enjoys making others laugh

Question 21

Negative emotions

Answer 21

• 1st = distress
• 2 months: anger or sadness
• trouble differentiating emotions until 2 years

Question 22

Fear

Answer 22

• 6 to 7 months
• unfamiliar people
• other fears decline by 12 months

Question 23

Separation anxiety

Answer 23

salient and important feat that increases from 8-13-15 months then declines

Question 24

Anger

Answer 24

• 4-8 months
• by Age 1 its clear anger
• by 2 yrs anger is due to control being g taken away from them

Question 25

sadness

Answer 25

when seperated from parent or inlace of control events

Question 26

self-concsious/secondary emotions

Answer 26

guilt, shame, embarrassment, pride that relate to our sense of self and our consciousness of other reactions
- emerges during year 2
- 15-24 months = embarrassment when center of attention
-year 3: pride increases with level of performance

Question 27

guilt and shame

Answer 27

• guilt: empathy for others; remorse/regret
• shame: focus on self/feel like hiding
• can dev slop based on parental practices

Question 28

emotions in childhood

Answer 28

increased importance in acceptance by peers and achieving goals
- anger comes from perception of others motives
- becomes less intense/negative with this age

Question 29

emotions in adolescence

Answer 29

time of great negative emotion
- experience more negative life events
- cast regulate emotions like adults
- savor neg/mixed feelings

Question 30

emotions in adults

Answer 30

• overall emotional feel being increases with age
• socioemotional selectivity theory
• positivity effect

Question 31

socioemotional security theory

Answer 31

perception that one had little time left to live
- more emphasis on fulfilling current emotional needs

Question 32

positivity effect

Answer 32

place more priority on positive information

Question 33

Emotion Regulation

Answer 33

the process of initiating, maintaining and altering emotions and emotional resources - emerges in childhood but sloe process
- 1st month: parents help babies regulate emotion by controlling stimuli
- 6 months: infants can reduce by adjusting gaze and self soothing by repetitive rubbing of body
- 1-2 years: turn attention to non distressing sources
- with ages comes relying on language
- improve self-regulation due to maturation of neurological system (inhibit motor behavior)

Question 34

cognitive strategies to control negative emotions

Answer 34

young: behavior strategies
old: cognitive strategies

Question 35

Role of parents

Answer 35

relationship with parents influences sense of security and affects emotionality, understanding emotion, emotional regulation and emotion response

Question 36

socialization

Answer 36

the processes by which individuals develop
- skills and ways of thinking/feeling
- standards/values

Question 37

parental emotion

Answer 37

positive emotion in home = positive outcomes
negative emotions =low social/emotional competence and negative emotions
- influences child’s view, models how to express, influences what type of emotion to express
- don’t address sadness = feelings not valid, child becomes less emotionally/socially competent
- family conversations about emotions are good, discussions are bad

Question 38

emotions in others

Answer 38

1st step in development of emotional knowledge
- 4-7 months: can distinguish some (happiness, surprise, etc…)
- 8-12 months: social referencing
- 3 years: label narrow range of emotions but can distinguish negative
- more complex emotions in early school years

Question 39

social referencing

Answer 39

use of a parents facial, gestural or vocal cues to decide how to deal with novel, ambiguous, or possibly threatening situations

Question 40

understanding causes of emotions

Answer 40

rapid development over school years
- 2 years: identify happy situations in stories
-4 years: identify sad situations
- 5-7 years: can feel two compatible emotions simultaneously
- mid/late childhood: can feel positive and negative emotions at same time

Question 41

understanding real and false emotions

Answer 41

• age 3-5 they can
• preschool/elementary: refined understanding of display rules
• study: 1st, 3rd, 5th, 10th graders listened to stories design to elicit display rules

Question 42

display rules

Answer 42

cultural rules/in formal norms about when, where and how much one should show emotion and when to suppress

Question 43

display rules study results

Answer 43

• increased knowledge of display rules form grades 1-5 than leveled out
• verbal display rules > facial display rules
• prosocial display rules (used to protect another’s feelings) > self - protective display rules (used for personal gain)