gender

Question 1

biological sex

Answer 1

Physical (anatomical & physiological) characteristics related to reproduction (e.g., organs, hormones) that define male and female
- E.g., Females typically have smaller bones and muscle mass than males

Question 2

gender

Answer 2

What society associates with or considers appropriate for men and women
- A social construct that comes with a set of expectations, like how to act, talk, dress, feel emotion, and interact with other people
- E.g., Women as a group earn less money than men

Question 3

Chromosomal Sex/Genetic Sex - DNA/Chromosomes

Answer 3

• Male: Presence of Y chromosome (e.g., XY, XXY, XYY)
• Female: Absence of Y chromosome (e.g., XX, X, XXX)

Question 4

Sex assigned at birth - category record on birth certificate

Answer 4

• Female: infants born with “female” anatomy - e.g., vagina, labia
• Male: Infants born with “male” anatomy - e.g., penis, testicles
• Intersex: infants born with anatomy (e.g., sex chromosomes, genitalia, hormones, gonads) that differs from the typical definitions female or male

Question 5

Gender identity

Answer 5

An internal awareness of your gender, or your own personal sense of what your gender is
- female/woman/feminine
- Male/Man/Masculine
- non binary

Question 6

Non-binary

Answer 6

Genders that exist outside of the male/female/man/woman binary
- E.g., gender non-conforming, gender fluid, genderqueer, etc.

Question 7

Cisgender

Answer 7

gender identity matches sex assigned at birth

Question 8

Transgender

Answer 8

gender identity differs from sex assigned at birth

Question 9

gender roles

Answer 9

patterns of behavior that females and males should adopt in a particular society (e.g., wife, mother, husband, father)

Question 10

gender norms

Answer 10

Society’s expectations or standards concerning what males and females should be like
- Boy’s shouldn’t express emotions, girls should be quiet and compliant

Question 11

Gender stereotypes

Answer 11

Overgeneralized and largely inaccurate beliefs about the characteristics of all males and all females
- E.g., women can’t drive, men don’t ask for directions
- Generated by society’s gender norms

Question 12

Gender Stereotypes begin at birth

Answer 12

Baby boy: strong, big
Baby girl: cuddly, cute

Question 13

differences or similarities in gender?

Answer 13

Males and females are similar on most psychological variables
- when differences exist, they are usually small

Question 14

Gender: infants

Answer 14

• 3-4 months old: Able to tell the difference between male and female faces
• 18-24 months old: emerging understanding that they are either like other males or like other females
• Knowledge of gender-related expectations
• Look longer at males/females performing gender-inconsistent activities

Question 15

Gender: Early Childhood

Answer 15

2-3 years old:
- Know which gender group they belong to
- use gender terms (e.g., “boy”) in their speech
- Behavior becomes gender-differentiated (boy toys vs girl toys)
- Boys face stronger pressures to adhere to gender-role expectations

preschool years
- same-sex peers
- Avoid peers who violate gender-typical patterns of behavior
- Gender segregation is universal

Question 16

Gender: Middle Childhood

Answer 16

Mid-elementary school
- Aware of the biological basis of gender
- Have an understanding of gender as a social category
- Recognize that some kids may not want to do things that are typical for their sex

Gender segregation persists through the end of elementary school,
- Then boys and girls begin to make tentative overtures toward each other

Question 17

Gender: Adolescence

Answer 17

• Highly intolerant of role violations
• More stereotyped in their thinking about the proper roles of males and females in adolescence
• Gender intensification because:
  Hormonal changes of puberty and Increased pressure to conform to gender roles

Question 18

Gender: adulthood

Answer 18

• Gender roles a are shaped by society’s emphasis on gender-role norms of parenting
• Even previously egalitarian couples divide labors according -
  to gener roles

After children left home:
- Men become more passive and focus on family relationships
- Women become more active and assertive

Question 19

Gender has been explained by:

Answer 19

• Biological differences,
• Gender socialization,
• Cognitive processes (including attention to same-sex models)

Question 20

Gender development likely
Results from…

Answer 20

the complex interaction of all of these processes

Question 21

The Evolutionary Perspective

Answer 21

Maintains that sex differences in behavior emerged because they offer reproductive advantages
- Good spatial reasoning selected for males
- Females’ tendency to build strong alliances with other females
- Play behavior in boys and girls
(boys rough it and girl play parenting)

Question 22

The Brain Structure Perspective

Answer 22

There is also growing evidence of small but consistent differences in the physical structure of male and female brains
- Differences in density of connections in areas of the brain associated with language and spatial processing
- Differences in patterns of connections within/between hemispheres
May be hormonal, learned, etc…

Question 23

Social learning theory

Answer 23

Through observation, children gather information about gender & appropriate behavior for their own sex
- Through differential reinforcement, parents reward gender-consistent behavior and punish gender-inconsistent behavior
- Observe and imitate same-sex models more than opposite sex
- degree of gender typing depends on home/parents

Question 24

Parents 3x more likely to…

Answer 24

Explain science exhibits to their sons
Discuss emotions with daughters

Question 25

teachers value

Answer 25

stereotypical “feminine” behavior in the U.S.
- Boys dominate in classrooms by presenting feminine

Question 26

Socialization - Media and Stereotypes

Answer 26

More major characters in TV shows are male - this difference is:
- Large
- Well documented
- & persistent across time

Portrayals highly stereotypical
Affect children’s development of gender-typical behavior

Question 27

Gender Schema Theory

Answer 27

Children’s understanding of gender develops through the construction of gender schemas
- Gender self-socialization

Question 28

Differences or similarities - cognitive abilities

Answer 28

• Females display: greater verbal abilities, greater memory ability
• Males outperform females on many tests of spatial ability, Better with computers
• Training can reduce or eliminate gender difference
• Females and males perform similarity on most but not all standardized math tests

Question 29

Differences or Similarities - behavior

Answer 29

• Boys: Engage in more physical and verbal aggression and Are more physically active
• Girls: Engage in more relational aggression than boys and Are more tactful, cooperative, and compliant with adults

Question 30

Differences or Similarities - Disorders

Answer 30

• Females: Are more prone to develop anxiety disorders, depression, and phobias
• Males: More vulnerable to developmental disorders and Are more likely to display antisocial behaviors and drug and alcohol abuse