Theory of Mind

Question 1

What is the gaze following?

Answer 1

Our ability to follow someone’s line of sight and determine the source of their attention

Question 2

What is low-level gaze following?

Answer 2

Following line of sight to most obvious focus of attention

Question 3

What is high-level gaze following?

Answer 3

The ability to infer the presence of obscured objects through gaze following

Question 4

What are the components of Theory of Mind?

Answer 4

> Perceptual
Motivational
Informational

Question 5

Who demonstrated chimp ability to discriminate between intentional and accidental actions?

Answer 5

> Povinelli et al (1998)

> Call and Tomasello (1998)

Question 6

What did Ostojic et al (2013) demonstrate?

Answer 6

> Male jays
Courtship
Could determine mate feed desire if they have seen previous meal

Question 7

What did Povinelli et al (1998) find?

Answer 7

> Chimps
Juice spilling/pouring
Could distinguish between accidental and intention actions

Question 8

What did Call and Tomasello (1998) find?

Answer 8

> Chimps and orangutans
Feed selection
Accidental/intentional marking on boxes
Chose intentionally marked boxes

Question 9

What did Hare et al (2001) find?

Answer 9

> Chimps
> One dom one sub
> Two pieces of food
> Three conditions (both hidden, one hidden, both visible) food always visible to sub
> Sub approaches hidden food first

Question 10

What are the criticisms of Hare et al (2001)?

Answer 10

> Approach and ability to retain food recorded (retaining unnecessary)
Peripheral Feeding Hypothesis

Question 11

What is the Peripheral Feeding Hypothesis?

Answer 11

Subordinates may avoid food that is out in the open and exploit food located along the periphery automatically (habitually)

Question 12

What did Karin-D’Arcy and Povinelli (2002) find?

Answer 12

> Extended Hare et al (2001)
Included partially hidden food (as well as fully hidden)
No food preferences for partially visible food
Preferred fully hidden food or visible food near an object
Supports Peripheral Feeding Hypothesis

Question 13

What is auditory perspective taking?

Answer 13

Knowing what others can and cannot hear

Question 14

What are the methods of cache protection in corvids?

Answer 14

> Delayed cacheing
> 'False' caches
> Use of obstacles
> Adjust density of caches
> Re-cacheing observed caches

Question 15

What did Dally et al (2005) find?

Answer 15

> Scrub jays
> Obscuration methods when cacheing under observation
> Use of barriers
> Use of distance
> Use of shade
>

Question 16

What did Stulp et al (2009) find?

Answer 16

> Scrub jays
Cacheing
Auditory perceptive taking
If observer cannot hear, will use noisy tray
If observer can hear, will use quiet tray

Question 17

What did Dally et al (2006) find?

Answer 17

> Scrub jays
Cacheing and recovery under observation
If observed during recovery, will only recover from seen cache locations
Individual specific