Physical intelligence

Question 1

What did Chappell and Kacelnik (2002) find?

Answer 1

> New Caledonian crow
Feed retrieval task
Demonstrated awareness of length needed
Demonstrated awareness of diameter limitations

Question 2

What did Povinelli (2000) find?

Answer 2

> Chimps
Feed retrieval
Demonstrated tool shape awareness

Question 3

What did Visalberghi et al (1995) find?

Answer 3

> Capuchins and chimps
Feed retrieval
All solved tasks, though some errors
Capuchins showed no error reduction across trials
Chimps showed error reduction across trials

Question 4

What are the elements required for the presence of folk physics?

Answer 4

> Gravity
> Support
> Causal reasoning
> Contact
> Connectedness
>  Continuity

Question 5

What did Hood et al (2001) demonstrate?

Answer 5

> Tamarins
Vertical tubes problem
Will search for food under release site, even though a tube prevents the food from falling straight down (gravity bias)

Question 6

What is gravity bias?

Answer 6

The inherent expectation that things fall directly downward

Question 7

What did Limongelli et al (1995) find?

Answer 7

> Chimps
Trap tube problem
Performance improved over time
Demonstrates an understanding of causality

Question 8

What did Mulcahy and Call (2006) find?

Answer 8

> 4 great apes
Trap tube problem
Performance significantly improved if trap tube trials were interspersed with ‘trap up’ trials
Demonstrates causal understanding

Question 9

What did Tebbich and Bishary (2004) find?

Answer 9

> Woodpecker finches
Trap tube problem
Performance improved over time (causal understanding)

Question 10

What did Tebbich et al (2007) find?

Answer 10

> Rooks
Trap tube problem
Performance improved over time

Question 11

What did Seed et al (2006) find?

Answer 11

> Corvids
The two-trap tube task
Performance improved over time
Switching trap/non-trap led to relearning phase
Return to previous states showed same performance as before
Suggests lack of understanding

Question 12

What did Povinelli (2000) find?

Answer 12

> Chimps
Inverted and broken rake tool selection task
Chose intact over broken. No other discrimination
Demonstrated understanding connectedness

Question 13

What did Taylor et al (2007) find?

Answer 13

> Crows

> Found sequential tool use

Question 14

What did Matsuzawa (1991) find?

Answer 14

> Crows

> Meta tool use (using multiple tools to achieve a goal in multiple steps)

Question 15

What did Teshke and Tebbich (2011) find?

Answer 15

> Woodpecker finches (use tools) and small tree finches (don’t)
Two-tube trap task
Found no differences (suggests no efficiency effects for tool use)

Question 16

What did Bird and Emery (2009) find?

Answer 16

> Rooks
> Tool use (stone size selection)
> Chose tools of most appropriate size (according to pipe size)
> Transferred to novel tools
> Sequential tool use evident

Question 17

What did Auersperg et al (2011)

Answer 17

> Keas (non-tool-user) and crows (tool-user)
Feed retrieval from multi-access puzzle box
Keas produced more solutions
Keas had fewer trials before their first solution