Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

TIC > Theory of Mind > Flashcards

Theory of Mind Flashcards

1
Q

Theory of mind is also known as mentalizing (Morton & Johnson) or __________ (Whiten)

A

Mindreading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Theory of mind is a form of _____ cognition

A

social

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The term was first used by Premack and Woodruff (1978) in their paper “Does the _______ have a theory of mind?”

A

chimpanzee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Henry et al. (2013) distinguished between 2 types of theory of mind. What are they?

A

Hot / Affective

Cold / Cognitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Henry’s ‘Hot’ / affective ToM relates to what?

A

Emotions, feelings, affective states

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Henry’s ‘Cold’ / cognitive ToM relates to what?

A

Cognitive states, thoughts, beliefs, intentions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Baron-Cohen et al. (2001) identify how many different stages of Theory of Mind attribution?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are Baron-Cohen’s different stages of Theory of Mind attribution?

A

The first stage is INDENTIFYING the mental state of the stimulus
e.g., “compassion”
The second stage is INFERRING the content of that mental state
e.g., “compassion for the loss of her mother”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Theory of mind tasks differ in their complexity, with every additional step of attribution raising the order of theory of mind processing by one (Perner & Winner, 1985).
When do children develop first order ToM?

A

4 - 5 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Theory of mind tasks differ in their complexity, with every additional step of attribution raising the order of theory of mind processing by one (Perner & Winner, 1985).
When do children develop second order ToM?

A

6 - 8 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is first order ToM? (Perner & Winner, 1985)

A

Reflecting on the thoughts or feelings of another person

e.g., “I think that you think”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is second order ToM? (Perner & Winner, 1985)

A

Predicting what another person thinks or feels about what another person is feeling
e.g., “I think that you think that she thinks”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

“I think that you think that she thinks that I think” is an example of which order of ToM?

A

third order

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

False belief tasks - Conclusive demonstration of theory of mind can only be gained from predicting another’s behaviour based on a false belief because …..

A

The ToM test can be passed without the need to predict another’s mental state if the belief either reflects the true state of affairs or the individual’s own beliefs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The punch and Judy show is an example of what?

What age does Dennett say ‘obviously’ follow the plot?

A

False belief ToM.

4 yr old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Successful task performance on false belief tasks require the attribution of a belief to another person that is _____ from the individual’s own belief

A

different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the Sally and Anne task (Baron-Cohen et al., 1985)?

A

False belief test.
In which an object (marble) is moved (box) without the knowledge of the character and the participant must predict where the character will look for the object on his or her return

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the Smarties task (Wimmer & Perner, 1983)?

A

False belief task - A false contents task
The child participant discovers that a tube of smarties in fact contains pencils or crayons
And is then asked what another child who has not seen inside the tube will think is inside
The correct answer is “Smarties”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which is the change in location task: smarties task or sally-anne?

A

Sally anne

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What age do children start to pass false belief tests?

A

3-year-olds nearly always fail such tests
4- and 5-year-olds typically pass, Showing that they can distinguish between their own knowledge and the knowledge of other people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

3 explanations of theory of mind?

A 
Theory Theory (Perner)
Theory of Mind Mechanism (Leslie)
Simulation Theory (Gordon)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

All 3 explanations of theory of mind propose what?

A

That people use propositional attitudes when thinking about beliefs and desires

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define propositional attitude.

A

the relation that a person has with a proposition, such as having an opinion concerning it or responding emotionally to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Are propositions always true?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

A propositional attitude can be split up into four parts. What are they?

A

The agent
The proposition
The attitude
The anchor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

A propositional attitude can be split up into four parts:
The agent, The proposition, The attitude, The anchor
Of the following sentence, which is the AGENT?
“Laura really wanted to do well in her exam”

A

Laura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

A propositional attitude can be split up into four parts:
The agent, The proposition, The attitude, The anchor
Of the following sentence, which is the PROPOSITION?
“Laura really wanted to do well in her exam”

A

Laura really wanted to do well in her exam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

A propositional attitude can be split up into four parts:
The agent, The proposition, The attitude, The anchor
Of the following sentence, which is the ATTITDUDE?
“Laura really wanted to do well in her exam”

A

Wanted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

A propositional attitude can be split up into four parts:
The agent, The proposition, The attitude, The anchor
Of the following sentence, which is the ANCHOR?
“Laura really wanted to do well in her exam”

A

Exam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

A propositional attitude can be split up into four parts:
The agent, The proposition, The attitude, The anchor
What is an anchor?

A

The part of the real world that the proposition is about, for evaluating the proposition against

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

A propositional attitude can be split up into four parts:
The agent, The proposition, The attitude, The anchor
What is the agent?

A

The individual holding the belief or desire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

A propositional attitude can be split up into four parts:
The agent, The proposition, The attitude, The anchor
What is the proposition?

A

The content of that belief or desire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

A propositional attitude can be split up into four parts:
The agent, The proposition, The attitude, The anchor
What is the attitude?

A

The mental state that is being talked about

e.g., thought, belief, knowing, hope, doubt, fear, desire

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The Theory Theory account (Perner)

Before 4 yrs old, children might not have ToM, but they might have what?

A

A theory of behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

According to the Theory Theory account and Fletcher-Wilson, why do children act like “little-scientists”?

A

Formulating hypotheses about the actions of people around them and then testing these hypotheses against reality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Theory theory - Proposes that by the age of ___ years, children have acquired a __________ understanding of mind. Conceiving ________ as propositional attitudes that are represented and evaluated in their own minds and the minds of other people. And that the _____ of propositions can be evaluated both by themselves and by others.

A

4 years
Representational understanding
Mental states
Truth

37
Q

What is Metarepresentation?

A

The ability to reason and make inferences about another’s mental states, and presupposes the ability to hold beliefs about another’s beliefs, or to mentally represent another’s mental representation.

38
Q

Metarepresentation, at what age do children begin being able to represent non-present situations?

A

18 months

39
Q

18-month-olds begin being able to represent non-present situations: Past situations, possible situations in the future, situations that they desire, and hypothetical situations.
Being able to consider different models is necessary to understand talk that is not limited just to the present
And for recall, in retrieving memories of past events, and planning.
But what are they not doing?

A

But they do not see these models as models (or mental representations), but simply as reality.

40
Q

Awareness of what is called metarepresentation?

A

Awareness that representations are representations/mental models and not full reality.

41
Q

In talking about metarepresentation, Perner says younger children are lacking the understanding of what?

A

Perspective.

42
Q

Is ToM Mechanism (Lesley) compatible with Theory theory?

A

Yes

43
Q

Which explanation for ToM argues for an innate, hard-wired, and domain-specific module for theory of mind, to deal with tasks such as false beliefs?

A

Theory of Mind Mechanism (Leslie)

44
Q

In theory of mind mechanism, information about the behaviour of other people is input where?
This information is then used to do what?

A 
Into the domain specific ToM module
To compute their likely mental states
45
Q

The Theory of Mind Mechanism works in combination with what?

A

selection processor, a more general cognitive mechanism

46
Q

How does the selection processor explain failure on the false belief task in young children?

A

The true belief is the default of the selection processor.

Poor inhibitory control so cannot suppress the default response.

47
Q

Why does Simulation Theory (Gordon, Heal) argue we don’t need a ToM?

A

Our own mind serves as a good working model of the minds of others
We can assume that other people’s minds work fundamentally in the same way as ours
So we can predict what other people will do based on what we would do when faced with the same circumstances

48
Q

Simulation theory - Harris’ views ToM as relying on accurate introspection about one’s own mental states. What do we use this for?

A

Ascribing propositional attitudes to other people.

49
Q

Harris. How does one gain accurate introspection about one’s own mental states?

A

Arises from pretend play.

50
Q

By ___ years of age, children attribute pretend properties to objects and can imagine objects that do not exist

A

2

51
Q

By ____ , Harris argues children can imagine mental states (such as beliefs and desires) that they do not actually possess.

A

3

52
Q

By ____ , Harris argues children can reason based on imagined mental states and infer other mental states and actions.

A

3

53
Q

According to Harris’ simulation theory, a child has two default settings relating to their own current mental state. What are they?

A

Current state of reality & intentional state of the self

54
Q

According to Harris’ simulation theory, a child has two default settings relating to their own current mental state. What is meant by ‘Intentional state of the self’?

A

The mental state of the child in relation to the current state of reality.

55
Q

In the following example:
Charlie reported that on the table there is; a milk carton, cookies, broccoli. Charlie thinks the milk carton is empty, wants cookies, does not like the broccoli.
Which default setting of Harris’ simulation theory is ‘current state of reality’?

A

Charlie reported that on the table there is; a milk carton, cookies, broccoli.

56
Q

In the following example:
Charlie reported that on the table there is; a milk carton, cookies, broccoli. Charlie thinks the milk carton is empty, wants cookies, does not like the broccoli.
Which default setting of Harris’ simulation theory is ‘intentional state of the self’’?

A

Charlie thinks the milk carton is empty, wants cookies, does not like the broccoli.

57
Q

According to Harris’ simulation theory, what must a child do to reason about the mental states of other people?

A

Temporarily change the default settings to match what the mental state of the other person should be

58
Q

What would mean more default settings needed to be changed in Harris’ simulation theory?

A

The more complex the ToM task.

59
Q

In simulation theory, children are able to change _____ sets of default settings from age ____ .

A

2 sets, from age 4.

60
Q

In simulation theory, how would children can also reconstruct their own previous beliefs?

A

by changing the relevant default settings

61
Q

Which explanation does Doherty argue that developmental studies of performance on most ToM tasks are best described by?

A

Theory Theory

62
Q

The following ToM developmental milestones of INTERACTION occur at what ages?
Basic Imitation
Humour
Pretend play

A

Basic Imitation - 0 - 6 months
Humour - 6 - 12 months
Pretend play - 12 - 18 months

63
Q

The following ToM developmental milestones of MENTALISING occur at what ages?
Implicit ToM
Deception
False Belief

A

Implicit ToM - around 10 - 14 months
Deception - 18 months - 3 years
False Belief - 3 - 5 years

64
Q

The following ToM developmental milestones of EMOTION occur at what ages?
Recognise emotions
Desire-based Reasoning

A

Recognise emotions - around 4 - 8 months

Desire-based Reasoning - 12 - 18 months

65
Q

The following ToM developmental milestones of ATTENTION occur at what ages?
Attention to people
Joint attention response
Joint attention initiation

A

Attention to people - 0 - 6 months
Joint attention response - 6 - 12 months
Joint attention initiation - 12 - 18 months

66
Q

What are the 4 developmental aspects of ToM according to Fletcher?

A

Interaction, Mentalising, Emotions, Attention

67
Q

What are the 2 precursors to the development of ToM?

A

Gaze judgement and Pretence

68
Q

What is gaze judgement?

A

Understanding the gaze of other people

69
Q

What is Pretence?

A

See Lillard (1993) for a consideration of the relationship between pretend play and theory of mind

70
Q

What does Gaze judgement (understanding the gaze of other people) provide?

A

Providing a source of information about others’ knowledge and beliefs gained from their visual attention

71
Q

Preference for ____ gaze versus _____ gaze in _____

Preference for eye-direction at ____

A

Preference for direct gaze versus averted gaze in newborns

Preference for eye-direction at four months

72
Q

According to Doherty, at what age does mentalistic understanding occur?

A

3 +

73
Q

Aside from gaze judgement and pretence, what are 3 more contributors to the development of ToM?

A

Executive functioning
Language
Family

74
Q

3 explanations for the relationship between Executive Functioning and ToM have been proposed. What are they?

A

Expression accounts
Emergence accounts
Conceptual change

75
Q

What is the core argument of the expression accounts’ explanation for the between Executive Functioning and ToM?

A

Argue that children have a theory of mind but are unable to express what they know due to poor executive function abilities.

76
Q

What is the core argument for the emergence accounts’ explanation for the between Executive Functioning and ToM?

A

ToM is absent in early life, ToM is innate and working out how to use the skills effectively comes with development of inhibitory abilities.

77
Q

According to the Emergence account, what drives the development of executive function abilities?

A

Conceptual change and development of metacognition (Awareness of self)

78
Q

Jenkins and Astington (1996) have argued that there is a language threshold in development, before which ToM tasks cannot be completed successfully.
What were the 2 findings from their longitudinal study, measuring syntax and semantics, after controlling for earlier ToM performance?

A

Language ability predicted current ToM performance
Measured by syntax and semantics
Earlier ToM performance did not predict current language abilities

79
Q

Ebert (2013) highlights what two roles for language in the development of ToM?

A

As COMMUNICATION and REPRESENTATIONS

80
Q

Ruffman et al. (2006)
Mothers talking about their mental states to ___-year-old children was related to children’s later performance on ToM measures at ___years of age

A

3 yrs

4 yrs

81
Q

Ruffman et al. (1998) found that children with ____ siblings are successful at theory of mind tasks at an earlier age.
Play and discussion with ____siblings provides opportunity for children to learn about other people’s mental states.
Although Perner et al. (1994) found no relationship between number of older siblings and ToM performance

A

Older

82
Q

What is the core triad of impairment in ASD?

e.g., Rutter, Wing

A

Social Interaction
Language and Communication
Imagination (rigidity and resistance to change)

83
Q

Baron-Cohen et al. (1985) proposed a deficit of what at the heart of autism?

A

metarepresentation

84
Q

Using the Sally and Anne task, Baron-Cohen found that a significantly higher proportion of children with autism (mean age =12 years) answered incorrectly compared with _____ (mean age = 4.5 years) and children with _________ (mean age = 11 years)

A

Neurotypical controls and children with down Syndrome

85
Q

Aside form the smarties and the sally anne task, what are 3 more ToM tasks?

A

Strange stories (Happé, 1994)
The faux pas test (e.g., Stone & Baron-Cohen, 1998)
The reading the mind in the eyes test (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001)

86
Q

Strange stories are designed to test what and in who?

A

“advanced mentalizing ability” (White) in people with autism who pass first- and second-order theory of mind tests

87
Q

The Faux Pas test involves the recognition of faux pas and is aimed at what age group?

A

9 - 11 yr olds

88
Q

Does the reading the mind in the eyes test of ToM in adults test hot or cold ToM?

A

Hot / affective ToM

Relating to emotions, feelings, affective states

89
Q

Reading the minds eye test is designed to measure the attribution of mental states from ____. This requires _____ social analysis.
Designed to measure the first stage of ToM attribution (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001) - Identifying the ______ of the stimulus, not its content

A

Eye gaze.
Implicit social analysis.
Mental state of the stimulus

TIC (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions