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TIC > Language Acquisition > Flashcards

Language Acquisition Flashcards

1
Q

Can babies can hear in the womb?

Abrams et al., 1995; Jardini et al., 2008

A

True

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2
Q

According to Bertoncini et al (1989), which hemisphere do infants respond to for speech and music?

A

Infants respond to speech in left hemisphere, music in right.

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3
Q

What are Phonemes?

A

The smallest speech sound
Abstractions of physical segments
Written as… /x/

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4
Q

What Phoneme are babies of 1 - 4 months fixated on?

A

/pa/

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5
Q

Eimas et al (1971) acoustically altered what sound to show that babies over 4 months couldn’t hear he difference?

A

/ba/ and /pa/

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6
Q

According to Werker et al (1981), at what age are infants at adult level of phonemic distinction?

A

1 year.

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7
Q

Kuhl & Millar (1978) – chinchillas & synthetic phonemes showed what?

A

Ability to perceive speech may have developed from a more basic auditory perceptual ability
But difference is that distinction becomes language specific in humans

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8
Q

Stark (1980)’s 3 stage phonetic development model:
Which months do the following stages happen:

Reflexive crying and vegetative sounds
Cooing and Laughter
Vocal Play
Reduplicated Babble
Non-reduplicated babble and expressive Jargon
A

0- 2 months - Reflexive crying and vegetative sounds
2 - 5 months Cooing and Laughter
5 - 7 months Vocal Play
6 - 12 months Reduplicated Babble
9 - 12 months Non-reduplicated babble and expressive Jargon

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9
Q

Oller’s 5 stage phonetic development model:
Which months do the following stages happen:
Phonation
GOO stage
Expansion
Canonical Babble
Variegated babble

A 
0 - 2 Phonation
2 - 4 GOO stage
4 - 6 Expansion
6 - 9 Canonical Babble
9 - 12 Variegated babble
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10
Q

What age does laughing occur?

A

4 months

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11
Q

What age do infants first start using sounds for communication?

A

2 months ( - 4 months)

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12
Q

What age do infants gain control of making sounds?

A

4 - 7 months

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13
Q

What age to infants undergo important neural maturation which allows for greater motor control?

A

between 3 – 9 months

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14
Q

How many months old do children make their first recognisable speech sounds? e.g. /da/ /ba/

A

6 months

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15
Q

How many months old do children make their first phoneme repetitions, and then non repetitions?

A

repetitions ‘da-da’ – 8 months

‘da-ba’ - 11 months
Oller – variegated babbling
Stark – non-reduplicated babbling

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16
Q

Vihman (1992) points to how many commonly occurring syllables independent of parents language?

A

6 - “da”. “ba”, “wa”, “de”, “ha” and “he”

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17
Q

According to Oller & Eilers (1988), if born with profound hearing loss, what do children not develop within first year?

A

Canonical babbling

18
Q

True or False: Infants show understanding of words before they can say them

A

True

19
Q

What are infants typical first words?

A

First words are typically their own name, mummy, daddy, sibling’s & pet’s names and familiar objects

20
Q

What is the CDI – MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories?

A

Parent report instruments which capture important information about children’s developing abilities in early language, including vocabulary comprehension, production, gestures, and grammar.

21
Q

Nelson (1973) identified 2 styles in early language development, Referential style and expressive language.
If a child knew more object names than action words, which style would they have used?

A

Referential style - More object names in lexicon

Expressive language - More action words and people’s names, less object names.

22
Q

According to Bates, which early language development style is faster at building vocabulary?

A

referential style = faster building vocabulary, tend to be girls

23
Q

Why does Bruner report that games and social exchange help babies understand and use language?

A

helps babies to build insights into the meaning of language

24
Q

Define Morphology

A

Rules of language e.g.. How past tenses are derived or verbs declined

25
Q

Define Syntax

A

How words are combined to make phrases - the rules for putting words together.

26
Q

Define Morpheme

A

smallest unit of speech with semantic meaning

27
Q

3 Influences on Language Development unique to humans?

A

Joint attention between mother and child
Reference – understanding what the mother is referring to
Pointing – often an indicator of reference

28
Q

What does MLU stand for and what does it measure?

A

mean length of utterance measures Morphological Development

29
Q

What does the progression of MLU and Morphological Development show?

A

shows awareness of syntactic regularities

30
Q

What is an alternative to the MLU (mean length of utterance) in revealing how understanding of syntax is developing?

A

Maximum Sentence Length

31
Q

What is a core assumption of inside-out theories? e.g. Chomsky, Pinker

A

Language develops through innate mechanisms – domain specific.
Minimum contribution of experience - Distinction between acquiring English or Japanese

32
Q

What is Syntactic bootstrapping?

A

children learn word meanings by recognizing syntactic categories (such as nouns, adjectives, etc.) and the structure of their language.
‘Chases’ always has noun before & after
‘Run’ always has noun before & NEVER after

33
Q

2 features of outside in theories?

A

Language develops through learning mechanisms – domain general
Emphasises the role of experience

34
Q

Bates & MacWhinney (1989)

Competition model

A

Language learning as constructive, data-driven processes that rely not on universals of linguistic structure, but on universals of cognitive structure. The Competition Model presents a functionalist and connectionist view of language learning that attributes development to learning and transfer, rather than to the principles and parameters of Universal Grammar.

35
Q

Rummelhart & McClelland (1986)
Connectionist model
Aka – Parallel Disputed Programming models

Outside in theories or inside out?

A

Outside in

36
Q

Features of inside out theories of language development?

A

Linguistic, domain-specific, innate.

Chomsky, Hypand, Pinker, Landau

37
Q

Features of outside in theories of language development?

A

social or cognitive, domain-general, learning procedure

Bates, Bruner, Nelson, Snow

38
Q

According to Hart (1991 and Harris (1988) what tends to be children’s first words?

A

first words tend to be ones used frequently by parents

39
Q

What is negative evidence?

A

child incorrect utterance followed by utterance in the correct form:
Child: “ I losed my toy”
Parent “ You lost your toy”
Child “ I lost my toy”

40
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

when an adult questions the child’s utterance:
Child: “ The boy hitted him on the head”
Parent “ What?”
Child “ The boy hit him on the head”

41
Q

According to Saxton et al (1988) – which is better negative evidence or feedback?

A

Saxton et al (1988) – negative evidence → more learning than only giving the correct form for irregular past tenses

42
Q

Hirsh-Pasek & Golinkoff (1996) – Preferential looking paradigm
What can children do by 18 months?
And by 2 years?

A

18 months – distinguish word order

By 2 yrs – using syntax as a guide to meaning

TIC (10 decks)

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