Rachels recommendations Flashcards
Abrams, Jardin, say babies can first hear when and where?
18 weeks of pregnancy in the womb.
According to Bertoncini infants respond to speech and music in which hemispheres?
Speech in left, music in right.
Important neural maturation develops at what age?
What does neural maturation allow for?
3 - 9 months
Allows for greater motor control
At what age do children make their first recognisable speech sounds?
6 months
What age do children start to make their first repetitions of speech sounds, such as ‘da-da’?
8 months
What age do children start to make their first repetitions of speech sounds, such as ‘da-ba’?
11 months
Children start to make their first repetitions of speech sounds such as ‘da-ba’ at 11 months. Which stage is this in Oller’s model?
Variegated babbling
Children start to make their first repetitions of speech sounds such as ‘da-ba’ at 11 months. Which stage is this in Stark’s model?
Non-reduplicated babbling.
What age is the canonical babble according to Oller?
6 - 8 months
when is the reduplicated babbling stage according to Stark?
6 - 12 months
Barlow - Brown taught braille to sighted children in 4 conditions. Which conditions did the children learn more quickly? And in which conditions did children have the most direct transfer?
Learned more quickly in the visual conditions
Given standard size braille, most direct transfer from those in the touch conditions.
Why does Miller say Braille is harder to learn?
Great load on working memory
Addition strategies: C\_\_\_\_\_\_ a\_\_ F\_\_\_\_\_ r\_\_\_\_ S\_\_\_-c\_\_ s\_\_ C\_\_\_-f\_\_\_-f\_\_ a\_\_\_\_ M\_\_ R\_\_\_\_\_\_ G\_\_\_\_\_\_ D\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Counting all Finger recognition Short-cut sum Count-from-first addend Min Retrieval Guessing Decomposition
Which strategy is most often used by 5 yr olds for addition?
Counting all
Can counting all also be used for dividing, multiplying and subtracting?
Also be used for subtracting only
Riley found that 6 yr olds could solve a subtraction using counting all with what 2 conditions?
If the numbers were small
If they had blocks to represent the numbers
Counting all is difficult to use if the sum is greater than what?
10
Groen & Parkman (1972) children rapidly progress from ‘count on’ to ‘min’ which is a sign of an understanding of what?
Equivalence or commutativity
Using the longitudinal Microgenetic Method, such as Siegler & Jenkins collects qual and quant data, what does it aim to infer?
Underlying representations & processes involved
The multiple strategy usage - wave model - is associated with which strategy of counting?
‘Min’ stratergy
Subvocal counting is replaced by what?
Retrieval (memory)
Stevenson found that Asian children perform at higher level.
Why does Perry suggest this is?
In Asia teachers more likely to ask conceptual questions
Asian children spend longer receiving maths education
Comparisons between the names of number
Is the modus ponens inference is always valid?
Yes
If p then q, p is true, therefore q is true. E.g. if it rains, i will get wet. it is raining, therefore I will get wet.
Is which form of conditional reasoning?
Modus Ponens
How many forms of conditional reasoning are there?
4
What are the 4 forms of conditional reasoning?
Modus Pones,
Modus Tollens
Affirming the consequent
Denying the Antecedent
Is the modus tollens inference is always valid?
Yes
If p then Q. Not-Q is true, therefore not p is true.
E.g. If it rains, then I will get wet, I am not wet, Therefore, it did not rain.
Is which form of conditional reasoning?
Modus Tollens
Is the affirming the consequent inference always valid?
No
Which form of reasoning is like Modus Polens but not always true?
Affirming the consequent
Which 2 forms of conditional reasoning share the assumption that “If p then q, q is true, therefore p is true’?
Modus Pollens and Affirming the consequent
Which 2 forms of conditional reasoning suggest biconditional interpretations should be made?
Affirming the consequent & Defying the antecedent.
is the denying the antecedent always valid?
No
What does Evans et al. (1993) think deduction is important for?
Important for intelligent behaviour
What 2 features do the 2 current theories of deduction (mental models & deduction rules) share?
Both domain general
Both seeking Grand Unified Theory
What are the 2 current theories on deduction?
Mental Models Deduction rules (mental rules/mental logic)
The second theory of deduction _________, is also known as mental rules or mental logic.
Deduction rules.
Which theory of deduction relies on the assumption that humans attempt to falsify their conclusions?
Mental models
The theory of deduction termed ‘Deduction rules, (Rips)’, suggests that the mind works with what kind of rules?
Abstract rules of logic
The theory of deduction termed ‘Deduction rules, (Rips)’, suggests that the mind works with abstract rules of logic which are used for what?
Making inferences
In Wason’s 4 card selection task, students chose the cards capable of confirming or disconfirming the statement?
Confirming
Watson’s 4 card selection task demonstrated what?
The tendency to seek out confirming evidence is known as a “confirmation bias.”
Which kind of bias did Watson’s 4 card selection task provide evidence for?
confirmation bias
Griggs & Cox showed that reasoning is improved in which kinds of scenarios?
Real life
Which experiment is associated with facilitation?
Griggs & Cox
Why is it easier to apply inductive reasoning in social situations?
Social situations involve potential cheating
Why are humans good at detecting cheating?
Social contract theory describes social contact as associating what?
perceived benefits with perceived costs
Breaking social contract’s leads to what benefit with inductive reasoning?
Facilitation.
Cheater detection modules are useful for what?
Facilitation and inductive reasoning.
Our reasoning is constrained by social contracts. Does that social contract or context have to be familiar to us in order to activate the cheater detection module?
No
Inductive reasoning relies on perspectives or aims, we can reason when thinking about different perspectives, but what does this require us to do?
Imagine / put ourselves in the shoes of the position of a person with this perspective / goal
Simon (1957) suggested that humans are not irrational but display what?
Bounded rationality
Simon, bounded rationality - why do people not consider ALL alternatives to a problem?
There is a cost to considering all
Bounded rationality (Simon) suggests that people use what in decision making?
Heuristics
According to Simon, Bounded rationality, when do people stop considering alternatives to their decisions?
When they reach one that seems good enough
Prospective memory is a form of what?
Future cognition
Winograd defines memory for delayed ______.
Intentions
Mantyla defines memory as remembering to ________.
remember
When do we rely on prospective memory?
whenever there is a delay between forming an intention to do something and having the opportunity to carry it out
For prospective memory to function successfully two separate components must work effectively. What are these 2 elements?
A prospective or planning component
A retrospective component
What are 2 types of cues for prospective memory?
Event based
Time based
The MIST (Raskin) and CAMPROMPT (Wilson) are tests for what?
Clinical tests for prospective memory.
Theory of mind is a form of what?
Social cognition
The term ‘theory of mind’ was first used by Premack and Woodruff in their paper “Does the _______ have a theory of mind”.
Chinpanzee
How many theories are there to explaining theory of mind?
3
What are the 3 theories of explaining theory of mind?
Theory Theory - Perner
ToM Mechanism - Leslie
Simulation Theory - Gordon, Harris, Heal
Rutter and Wing suggest that Autism has a core triad of impairment. What is this triad?
Social interaction, language and communication & imagination
Rutter and Wing suggest that Autism has a core triad of impairment. The language and communication section involves what 3 subsets?
Slower language development
Difficulty understanding others
Difficulties with non-verbal communications
Rutter and Wing suggest that Autism has a core triad of impairment. The imagination section involves what 2 subsets?
Ridged, repetitive and narrowed activities
Resistant to change
Rutter and Wing suggest that Autism has a core triad of impairment. What are 3 features of interests and activities looked at in the imagination section?
Ridged, repetitive, and narrow.
Strange stories (Happe) are designed to test what?
“Advanced mentalising ability”
When would you use strange stories in assessing ASD?
When the person passes 1st & 2nd order ToM tests.
Which ASD test requires the attribution of beliefs, desires, intentions and higher-order mental states?
Strange Stories (Happe)
What is a Faux Pas (Barson Cohen)?
A faux pas is a social gaffe
“an embarrassing or tactless act or remark in a social situation’’
An awkward situation (Faux Pas) requires how many people to be embarrassed?
At least 1 character and usually all: perpetrator, victim and any on lookers.
The Faux Pas test requires the participant to do what?
Identify & recognise the faux pas in the story
Faux Pas tests are aimed at what age group?
9 - 11 yr olds
The Faux pas test is a more advanced theory of mind test, requiring “subtle social reasoning” with 2 elements. What are they? (Thibaut)
Appreciation that KNOWLADGE STATES MAY DIFFER between the speaker and the listener
Appreciation that the STATEMENT can have an EMOTIONAL IMPACT on the listener
The Faux Pas test asks questions to test for what 3 results?
Detection of faux pas
Understanding of inappropriateness
Intentions or motivations of the speaker
In Faux Pas tests, questions ask:
1. Did anyone say something they shouldn’t have said or something awkward?
2. Who said something
What is this question testing?
Detection of faux pas
In Faux Pas tests, questions ask:
“Why shouldn’t he/she have said it or why was it awkward?”
What is this question testing?
Understanding inappropriateness
In Faux Pas tests, questions ask:
“Why do you think he/she said it?”
What are these questions testing for?
The intentions or motivations of the speaker
In faux pas tests, people with ASD produce more ‘false positives. What kind of bias is this an example of?
response bias
