Theory Flashcards
Structural Family Therapy includes what treatment strategies?
The overlapping steps of : Joining (ie..tracking and memesis); Evaluating/Diagnosing (family map, enactment); and Restructuring (enactment).
For practitioners of ACT, “Dirty Discomfort” is the result of _____.
Clean pain- Clean pain is what you experience when something intrinsically hurtful or stressful happens to you.
Dirty pain- stems not from an objective situation or event but from your subjective thoughts about a situation or event (whether real or imagined).
Gambler’s Fallacy
The gambler’s fallacy, also known as the Monte Carlo fallacy or the fallacy of the maturity of chances, is the mistaken belief that, if something happens more frequently than normal during a given period, it will happen less frequently in the future.
Based on the results of their research, Howard and his colleagues (1986) concluded that about ___% of psychotherapy clients show measurable improvements in symptoms by the 26th therapy session with an additional ___% showing measurable improvements by the 52nd session.
75% by 26th session, 10% more by 52nd session
Based on a review of psychotherapy outcome studies, Hans Eysenck (1952) concluded that:
B. 66% of patients with neuroses can be expected to experience spontaneous recovery without treatment.
Lazarus and Cognitive Appraisal Theory
Lazarus also distinguished between primary appraisal, which seeks to establish the significance or MEANING of an event, and secondary appraisal, which ASSESSES ABILITY TO COPE with the consequences of the event.
Ridley’s (1984) concept of “healthy cultural paranoia” is useful for understanding:
Why Black clients do not disclose to White psychotherapists. Ridley stated that because the encounter in counseling and psychotherapy is a microcosm of the larger American society, Black clients may not disclose personal information to White therapists for fear that they may be vulnerable to racial discrimination.
Clarification
Freudian;
Brings a confusing or unclear issue into focus
Detouring
IE: A husband and wife focus on helping their son to avoid conflict
Rehm’s Self Control Theory
Depression is due to lack of self-monitoring, self-reinforcement, and self-evaluation
George Kelly
Described “Personal Constructs”, which are bipolar dimensions of meaning that determines how a person perceives, interprets, and predicts events.
“Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills”
Described by Sue, et al., that describes 3 areas of multicultural counseling.
Sophie’s Lesbian Identity Model
After reviewing existing identity models, Sophie created a general stage theory of lesbian identity development:
- awareness, testing and exploration, identity acceptance, identity integration
Burne’s Law of Attraction
People prefer spending time with other people of similar attitudes, and which this preference has been linked to reinforcement.
Sue & Sue (1999) say that “Uncle Tom Syndrome” and “Playing it Cool” are what?
Survival mechanisms
To reduce a child’s (5 yr old example) fear of the dark, what would be the most effective strategy/treatment?
Coping self-statements and positive imagery
“Flexibility” and “Complexity” strategies represent which steps of the Helms’ White Racial Identity Model?
Autonomy
A dimensional approach to diagnosis is based on doing what what with attributes?
Quantification of attributes
What ethnic group had the best outcomes of group therapy in a Los Angeles study?
Latino/Hispanic-Americans
The Cattell-Horn-Carrol Theory of Cognitive Abilities combines the Theory of Fluid Intelligence with the 3-Stratum Theory of Intelligence in what way?
It distinguishes between 10 broad abilities and 70 narrow abilities
Porter and Lawler’s Expectancy Theory
“Instrumentality” refers to the belief that meeting job performance goals will lead to certain outcomes
What is Equity Theory related to?
Social Comparison Theory
When someone has moved to the US and identifies with family culture at home and American culture outside the home, what is this described as?
Bicultural (ie: “I identify with both but primarily Latino”
What is the name of the research by Kohlbert, whereby deciding between 2 moral dilemmas, participants must choose between obeying the law and the value of human life?
The Heinz Dilemma
According to Holland, how would a high degree of differentiation the predictability of the person-environment interaction?
It would increase the predictability of the person-environment interaction.
According to Gerald Patterson, aggressive children’s parents rely on power assertion to enforce their standards, and this describes their discipline approach:
Inconsistent and not consistently linked to the child’s behavior.
Family therapy is probably contraindicated if one of the family members has:
Severe depression (vs longstanding marital problems, ED, or attributing problems to one family member)
Erickson’s last stage of psychosocial development resolution comes with what?
It is Ego Integrity VS Despair, and involves WISDOM
Differences between Freud and Jung
- Jung more optimistic view of human nature
- Jung promoted more interaction between therapist and client (less authoritarian and more egalitarian)
- Jung thought development continued throughout the lifespan
Herzberg’s 2 Factor Theory
Classifies job security, pay and benefits, relationships with coworkers, working conditions, and company policies as Hygiene Factors
Blended Bicultural identity means what?
That an individual feels that their ethnic and American cultures as integrated.
Kohlberg’s Cognitive Theory of Gender Identity: 3 stages
- Identity
- Stability
- Constancy
Byrnes Theory of attraction: a main determinate of attraction
Similar attitudes
What approach states that people fall back on their internal world in times of crisis?
Object-Relations
Cognitive Triad by Beck
Person has negative thoughts about themselves, their future,and the world
What is loss aversion? (K & T, 1979)
When the magnitude of a loss seems greater than the similar magnitude of a gain
What is an “ordeal” technique according to Haley (1984)
Having a client put their cigarettes 1 mile away
“Western” approach to individual therapy as defined by Lock (Lockean)
Linear-Cause/Effect
Individualistic
Reductionistic
What kind of theory is BEM?
Gender Development
Also their Self-Perception Theory that says we infer our attitudes from our behaviors
Sherif’s Autokinetic effect is a way to study what phenomenon?
Conformity
Among Latino Families, this familial bond has been shown to likely be strongest:
Between parent(s) and child
A Solution-focused therapist will start with what at the first session?
Help the client identify and describe goals in concrete and positive terms
What is the initial stage of almost all of the LGBT identity development models?
Noticing that they are different from same-gender peers
Non-sexist therapy is different than Feminist therapy in what way?
Focus on modification of personal behavior
If a heterosexual couple receives sex therapy and is told to use the “squeeze” technique and are successful; they are then told to use the female-superior technique, what is the dx?
The male has the condition of Premature Ejaculation
What has research shown about the outcomes of childhood sexual abuse?
The consequences are less severe when the perpetrator is a stranger
Zajonk’s Theory of childhood influence
Birth Order matters
“Reminiscence Bump”
Describes the tendency of older individuals (65+) to recall memories more vividly from when they were 10-30 years old.
Gain Loss Theory
States that we tend to like others who initially had negative feelings toward us and then change to positive feelings vs people who have positive feelings about us from the beginning.
What has been shown to be a risk factor for what??
- Passively noncompliant toddlers
- Emotionally, Behaviorally, & Cognitively risky to development
Immersion- Emersion
The stage in Cross’s Black Racial Identity Model in which the person denigrates white culture and idealizes black culture
Nadler’s System’s Model of Planned Change considers what?
The organization’s implicit beliefs, values, and behaviors
What is the Sleeper Effect useful for?
Why people may reject a persuasive message at first but embrace it later
What are characteristics of Gestalt Therapy?
Contact, awareness, and experimentation.
Differences in popular vs unpopular children based on research
Unpopular children tend to be less intelligent, less attractive, and less cooperative. No differences in friendliness or sociability has been found.
Feature Integration Theory
T & G Visual attention research
