Theory Flashcards
Structural Family Therapy includes what treatment strategies?
The overlapping steps of : Joining (ie..tracking and memesis); Evaluating/Diagnosing (family map, enactment); and Restructuring (enactment).
For practitioners of ACT, “Dirty Discomfort” is the result of _____.
Clean pain- Clean pain is what you experience when something intrinsically hurtful or stressful happens to you.
Dirty pain- stems not from an objective situation or event but from your subjective thoughts about a situation or event (whether real or imagined).
Gambler’s Fallacy
The gambler’s fallacy, also known as the Monte Carlo fallacy or the fallacy of the maturity of chances, is the mistaken belief that, if something happens more frequently than normal during a given period, it will happen less frequently in the future.
Based on the results of their research, Howard and his colleagues (1986) concluded that about ___% of psychotherapy clients show measurable improvements in symptoms by the 26th therapy session with an additional ___% showing measurable improvements by the 52nd session.
75% by 26th session, 10% more by 52nd session
Based on a review of psychotherapy outcome studies, Hans Eysenck (1952) concluded that:
B. 66% of patients with neuroses can be expected to experience spontaneous recovery without treatment.
Lazarus and Cognitive Appraisal Theory
Lazarus also distinguished between primary appraisal, which seeks to establish the significance or MEANING of an event, and secondary appraisal, which ASSESSES ABILITY TO COPE with the consequences of the event.
Ridley’s (1984) concept of “healthy cultural paranoia” is useful for understanding:
Why Black clients do not disclose to White psychotherapists. Ridley stated that because the encounter in counseling and psychotherapy is a microcosm of the larger American society, Black clients may not disclose personal information to White therapists for fear that they may be vulnerable to racial discrimination.
Clarification
Freudian;
Brings a confusing or unclear issue into focus
Detouring
IE: A husband and wife focus on helping their son to avoid conflict
Rehm’s Self Control Theory
Depression is due to lack of self-monitoring, self-reinforcement, and self-evaluation
George Kelly
Described “Personal Constructs”, which are bipolar dimensions of meaning that determines how a person perceives, interprets, and predicts events.
“Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills”
Described by Sue, et al., that describes 3 areas of multicultural counseling.
Sophie’s Lesbian Identity Model
After reviewing existing identity models, Sophie created a general stage theory of lesbian identity development:
- awareness, testing and exploration, identity acceptance, identity integration
Burne’s Law of Attraction
People prefer spending time with other people of similar attitudes, and which this preference has been linked to reinforcement.
Sue & Sue (1999) say that “Uncle Tom Syndrome” and “Playing it Cool” are what?
Survival mechanisms
To reduce a child’s (5 yr old example) fear of the dark, what would be the most effective strategy/treatment?
Coping self-statements and positive imagery
“Flexibility” and “Complexity” strategies represent which steps of the Helms’ White Racial Identity Model?
Autonomy
A dimensional approach to diagnosis is based on doing what what with attributes?
Quantification of attributes
What ethnic group had the best outcomes of group therapy in a Los Angeles study?
Latino/Hispanic-Americans
The Cattell-Horn-Carrol Theory of Cognitive Abilities combines the Theory of Fluid Intelligence with the 3-Stratum Theory of Intelligence in what way?
It distinguishes between 10 broad abilities and 70 narrow abilities
Porter and Lawler’s Expectancy Theory
“Instrumentality” refers to the belief that meeting job performance goals will lead to certain outcomes
What is Equity Theory related to?
Social Comparison Theory
When someone has moved to the US and identifies with family culture at home and American culture outside the home, what is this described as?
Bicultural (ie: “I identify with both but primarily Latino”
What is the name of the research by Kohlbert, whereby deciding between 2 moral dilemmas, participants must choose between obeying the law and the value of human life?
The Heinz Dilemma
According to Holland, how would a high degree of differentiation the predictability of the person-environment interaction?
It would increase the predictability of the person-environment interaction.
According to Gerald Patterson, aggressive children’s parents rely on power assertion to enforce their standards, and this describes their discipline approach:
Inconsistent and not consistently linked to the child’s behavior.
Family therapy is probably contraindicated if one of the family members has:
Severe depression (vs longstanding marital problems, ED, or attributing problems to one family member)
Erickson’s last stage of psychosocial development resolution comes with what?
It is Ego Integrity VS Despair, and involves WISDOM
Differences between Freud and Jung
- Jung more optimistic view of human nature
- Jung promoted more interaction between therapist and client (less authoritarian and more egalitarian)
- Jung thought development continued throughout the lifespan
Herzberg’s 2 Factor Theory
Classifies job security, pay and benefits, relationships with coworkers, working conditions, and company policies as Hygiene Factors
Blended Bicultural identity means what?
That an individual feels that their ethnic and American cultures as integrated.
Kohlberg’s Cognitive Theory of Gender Identity: 3 stages
- Identity
- Stability
- Constancy
Byrnes Theory of attraction: a main determinate of attraction
Similar attitudes
What approach states that people fall back on their internal world in times of crisis?
Object-Relations
Cognitive Triad by Beck
Person has negative thoughts about themselves, their future,and the world
What is loss aversion? (K & T, 1979)
When the magnitude of a loss seems greater than the similar magnitude of a gain
What is an “ordeal” technique according to Haley (1984)
Having a client put their cigarettes 1 mile away
“Western” approach to individual therapy as defined by Lock (Lockean)
Linear-Cause/Effect
Individualistic
Reductionistic
What kind of theory is BEM?
Gender Development
Also their Self-Perception Theory that says we infer our attitudes from our behaviors
Sherif’s Autokinetic effect is a way to study what phenomenon?
Conformity
Among Latino Families, this familial bond has been shown to likely be strongest:
Between parent(s) and child
A Solution-focused therapist will start with what at the first session?
Help the client identify and describe goals in concrete and positive terms
What is the initial stage of almost all of the LGBT identity development models?
Noticing that they are different from same-gender peers
Non-sexist therapy is different than Feminist therapy in what way?
Focus on modification of personal behavior
If a heterosexual couple receives sex therapy and is told to use the “squeeze” technique and are successful; they are then told to use the female-superior technique, what is the dx?
The male has the condition of Premature Ejaculation
What has research shown about the outcomes of childhood sexual abuse?
The consequences are less severe when the perpetrator is a stranger
Zajonk’s Theory of childhood influence
Birth Order matters
“Reminiscence Bump”
Describes the tendency of older individuals (65+) to recall memories more vividly from when they were 10-30 years old.
Gain Loss Theory
States that we tend to like others who initially had negative feelings toward us and then change to positive feelings vs people who have positive feelings about us from the beginning.
What has been shown to be a risk factor for what??
- Passively noncompliant toddlers
- Emotionally, Behaviorally, & Cognitively risky to development
Immersion- Emersion
The stage in Cross’s Black Racial Identity Model in which the person denigrates white culture and idealizes black culture
Nadler’s System’s Model of Planned Change considers what?
The organization’s implicit beliefs, values, and behaviors
What is the Sleeper Effect useful for?
Why people may reject a persuasive message at first but embrace it later
What are characteristics of Gestalt Therapy?
Contact, awareness, and experimentation.
Differences in popular vs unpopular children based on research
Unpopular children tend to be less intelligent, less attractive, and less cooperative. No differences in friendliness or sociability has been found.
Feature Integration Theory
T & G Visual attention research
What is the first step of developing a selection test to assist in the hiring of managers?
Conducting a Job Analysis
What is over-training associated with?
Decreased motivation and performance
Tolman
Latent Learning- someone may appear to know little about a topic until they are tested on it later.
What does Adlerian theory state?
Friendship, Occupation, Love
What are mnemonics and Method of Loci good for?
Information that is not inherently meaningful
What does Perry say about highly aggressive children?
That they feel little remorse after hurting another child
What did Lewinsohn first suggest for treating depression?
Increasing activity levels
Expectancy Theory has which 3 components?
- Expectancy, Instrumentality, Valance
The reformulation of the Learned Helplessness model did what?
Emphasized the role of helplessness and de-emphasized the role of attributions
Restitution and Positive Practice are components of what?
Overcorrection
With regard to IQ, same-environment twins have a correlation coefficient of .85. What about a parent and their biological child?
.40.
An Etic-approached based psychologist believes what?
That mental illnesses are manifested in the same ways by all people, regardless of their cultural group
What is circular questioning used for in Systems Family Therapy
Help family members see similarities and differences in perceptions about relationships and events.
Chomsky’s view of language development
Nativist- innate; biological
What do psychoanalysts say transference is?
A form of resistance
Echoic vs Iconic Memory
Sounds vs Visual
Motivational Interviewing
Open ended questions, affirmations, reflective listening, summary questions
In the Stages of Change (transtheoretical) model, what two things indicate a good probability of success in moving from one stage to the next?
Self-efficacy and decision balance skills (decisional balance)
Good-girl Good-boy stage of moral development
Conventional
Bronfrenbrenner’s ecological model levels
Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem
Major Depressive Disorder and Sleep
- Decreased stage 3 and Stage 4 sleep
- Decreased slow-wave sleep
- Decreased sleep continuity
- Decreased REM latency
Kohlberg thought moral development was directly tied to what?
Cognitive and social perspective taking
Rutters Indicators
High risk factors for psychopathology in children; They include: Parental marital discord, criminality, and large family size.
Duration of sensory memory
Milliseconds to seconds
Levels of Processing Theory states that what would be the best way to remember a list of unrelated words?
Make a sentence with the words
Piaget said that children didnt really learn addition and subtraction until they are what age?
7
D-R-M Paradigm
When subject is given a list of words that when asked to recall them, sometimes adds words that may be categorically connected.
Carstenson’s Socioemotional theory says that differences in adults’ preferences for long-term OR novel social partners can be attributed to what?
Perception of time differences
Using Becks Cognitive Model, what may one use FIRST for someone with high anxiety?
Decatastrophizing to decrease anxiety.
Thoughtstopping more behavioral
What minimizes deviation, helping maintain the status quo in a family or other system?
Negative Feedback (negative feedback loop)
Negative feedback helps to maintain what in a family or other system?
Homeostasis
What does positive feedback to to a family or other system?
Produces a change in the system
What is Joining?
In family therapy, the clinician engages in this in order to blend with the family (ie: communication and/or affective style)
What does Gilligan state are important experiences to provide to adolescent girls?
Connection to themselves and others
Risk of genetic depression on children?
The same for biological offspring when either one or both parents with depression
What is Arbitrary Inference?
As defined by Beck, it is the drawing of conclusions without any evidence
What do attribution theorists believe that depression results from what?
When negative events are attributed to internal, stable, and global factors
Azjen’s Theory of Planned Behavior notes that which 3 factors contribute to BEHAVIORAL INTENTION?
Attitudes about behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control
Correlation for biological siblings IQ test scores when reared together are what?
.45
What type of parenting style has been shown to be associated with antisocial behavior and later delinquency?
Laizzez-faire parenting style and harsh, inconsistent discipline
Albert Ellis’s Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy states that dysfunctional behaviors are a result of what?
Irrational Thoughts and Beliefs
What is the Diathesis-Stress Model?
A BioPsychoSocial perspective that attributes disorders to a combination of predisposed conditions (Diathesis) and environmental stressors
SORC Model
Used by Cognitive Behavioral therapists as the framework for assessment (Situation, Observation, Responses, and Consequences)
WOLPE originally designed Systematic Desensitization as an application of what?
Reciprocol Inhibition (Counter Conditioning)
ADLER’s approach
People motivated by need to belong (may manifest as needing power, attention, revenge, displays feeling inadequacy
Psychological Reactance
- Unpleasant motivational arousal (reaction) to offers, persons, rules, or regulations that threaten or eliminate specific behavioral freedoms.
- Reactance occurs when a person feels that someone or something is taking away their choices or limiting the range of alternatives.
In psychoanalytic theory, what defense mechanism underlies all others?
REPRESSION
Head Start and similar programs outcomes?
Benefits include academic, social, employment !
Effects of crowding on individuals? What type of movie would make for an uncomfortable crowd in a theatre?
A boring one. People reported feeling less uncomfortable in a stimulating and arousing environment than one that was unarousing or uninteresting
From Tuck and Jen’s Model of Group Formation, at which stage does socializing and developing close relationships take place?
- Norming
KLEIN: Object Relations- Theory 4 Important Points
Projective Identification (next card)-
What is Projective Identification?
underlies a number of pathological conditions and results in difficulty in establishing personal identity and feeling secure enough to establish relationships
IE: A person doesn’t want to own their feelings of love and hate and manipulates another person into experiencing them.
ETIC vs EMIC
Emic- viewpoint from within
Etic- viewpoint from without
What is Family Mapping used for?
In STRUCTURAL family therapy, it helps to clarify the nature of the family subsystems; structure of the family; clarifying boundaries and alliances.
MINUCHIN
Structural Family Therapy; BOUNDARIES are key focus
Sherif’s Social Judgement Theory
Before you try to persuade someone to your point of view, you should consider their CATEGORIES of JUDGEMENT
Vygotsky’s view of Cognitive Development can best be described as:
A CONTEXTUAL approach
According to MASLOWs theory of Motivation, what does he happens when a “prepotent need” is ungratified?
The ungratified need continues to be a motivator.
He thought ungratified needs motivate behavior.
From a Control Systems perspective, old mechanisms are replaced by new ones due to changes in environment. These new mechanisms will help the system adapt by doing what?
Providing positive feedback (versus the Negative Feedback loop in homeostasis)
Serial position effect
The tendency for us to remember the first and last parts of information; therefore when studying it may be important to pay extra attention to the items in the middle
Role of a therapeutic psychologist vs a forensic psychologist with regard to role
Therapeutic psychologists are in a role of care provider, while a forensic psychologist role is to remain neutral , detached, and objective
Peer pressure is the worst at what age?
13 - 15
In vivo exposure with response prevention is what
CS presented again and again without the US
What is the Q-Sort technique?
In Rogerian client-centered therapy, its used to evaluate a client’s progress in therapy.
What are the “3 R’s” of REALITY THERAPY?
Realism, Responsibility, and Right from wrong
RESPONSIBILITY and NEEDS for POWER, FREEDOM, and BELONGINGNESS
SCHEMAS as defined by Beck are what?
Cognitive Structures
Attention - Allocation Model of Alcohol and Anxiety
(Steele and Joseph) Why sitting around and doing little rather than engagin in an activity of any type refocusing can increase anxiety. ENGAGING in a TASK helps
Disorganized Attachment pattern indicates what outcome for children?
Aggressive Behavior Problems
Piaget’s “CENTRATION” what is it and in what stage does it happen?
Pre-Operational
Which type of family therapy encourages creating triangles?
Extended Family Systems
Sherif’s Robber’s Cave Study
Competition and Cooperation focus; groups competing for same resources (Tension between groups)
Berkowitz added on to his original hypothesis of Frustration-Aggression, What did he add?
That UNJUSTIFIED ANGER leads to aggression, and that type of anger MOST OFTEN leads to aggressive behavior IN THE PRESENCE OF AGGRESSIVE CUES
(Attempts to explain scapegoating and causes of violence.
Weber’s Law
JUST NOTICEABLE DIFFERENCE (JND) Explains why you can be heard in an empty room at a whisper and in a crowded room you’d have to shout. Due to a stimulus in proportion to the magnitude of the original stimulus.
Inter Personal Therapy included which 4 specific foci?
Grief, Interpersonal Role Disputes, Role Transition, and Interpersonal Deficits
In Seligman’s Positive Psychotherapy, what technique may a client be asked to complete?
Make a list of 3 good things that happened each day.
In Structural Family Therapy, what are 3 ways that family members maintain homeostasis?
Triangulating
Detouring
Parent-Child coalition
In Solution-Focused Family Therapy, what may be some techniques used?
Miracle Question and Scaling Questions (Rating from 1-10) Scaling (also called grading) switches the conversation from being ‘about’ emotions’ to being ‘about’ numbers, helping people feel calmer and more in control
What object is associated with Donald Super’s Theory of Career Development?
A Rainbow- he used it to depict various roles that a person participates in over the course of their life. He also used an arch (pers and envirom factors that contribute to career path), a ladder (career dev model), and a web (career maturity)
Baumrind’s Parenting Styles: Authoritative
High in Demandingness High in Responsiveness
What does Super say that “career maturity” describes?
The ability to accomplish the associated tasks of each stage of career development
STERN and Borderline PD; of the 10 symptoms he listed, which did he consider most important?
Narcissism from early mother-child relationship.
SIMON Born in Milwaukee!!
“Bounded Rationality” (Impediment to rational decision-making) and “Satisficing”- also known for his work with Artificial intelligence and said problem-solving happened in three stages:
“Intelligence, Design, and Choice”
How do mothers with severe depression effect toddlers?
Its been shown that toddlers may be Passively NonCompliant
Holland’s Theory
Vocational Personalities, RIASEC. theory of vocational choice typically assess individuals’ interest profiles from three primary perspectives: coherence, consistency, and differentiation.
Congruence, Consistency, and Differentiation (HOLLAND)
Congruence- The degree of congruence (or agreement) between a person and an occupation (environment) can be estimated by a hexagonal model (see Figure 1). The shorter the distance between the personality type and the occupational type, the closer the relationship.
Differentiation- The degree of differentiation of a person or an environment modifies predictions made from a person’s typology, from an occupational code, or from the interaction of both. Some persons or environments are more closely defined than others; for instance, a person may closely resemble a single type and show little resemblance to other types, or an environment may be dominated largely by a single type. In contrast, a person who resembles many types or an environment characterized by about equal numbers of workers in each of the six types would be labeled undifferentiated or poorly defined.
