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Spring EPPP Practice > Learning and Development - Part 2 > Flashcards

Learning and Development - Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe Temperament

A
  • A person’s basic disposition
  • Has a genetic component
  • Is apparent to some degree at birth
  • Predictive of later personality
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2
Q

Behavioral Inhibition (KAGAN)

A
  • Child identified as Inhibited or Uninhibited
  • Kagan’s research confirmed a biological contribution
  • Characteristic is relatively stable
  • Children identified at 21 months of age as being either inhibited or uninhibited
  • –>categorized the same at 5 1/2 and 7 1/2 years old.
  • Level of inhibition related to physiological reactivity
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3
Q

What does research show about physiological sxs in children who have opposite behavioral inhibition temperament?

A
  • Inhibited children had a higher heart rate, greater pupil dilation, and greater changes in blood pressure than uninhibited children.
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4
Q

Describe the Thomas & Chess Model of temperament

A
  • Thomas & Chess thought that most babies can be categorized by 1 of 3 categories:
  • Easy, Difficult, and Slow to Warm Up
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5
Q

Thomas & Chess’ Model of Temperament

A

Goodness of Fit Model- a child’s adjustment is related to the degree to which the parents’ behaviors match the child’s temperament.

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6
Q

Erickson’s 8 PsychoSocial Stages of

Time period, Name of Stage, Primary Outcome

A
  1. Infancy- TRUST VS MISTRUST - trust and optimism (Virtue = Hope)
  2. Toddler- AUTONOMY vs SHAME/DOUBT - sense of self/autonomy
    (Virtue = WILL)
  3. Early Childhood- INITIATIVE vs GUILT - set goals, devise and carry out plans
    (Virtue = Purpose)
  4. School Age- INDUSTRY vs INFERIORITY - to avoid inferiority, child must develop social and academic skills (Virtue = Competence)
  5. Adolescence- IDENTITY vs ROLE CONFUSION (Identity Crisis)- Personal identity, direction for future (Virtue = Fidelity)
  6. Young Adulthood- INTIMACY vs ISOLATION - establish bonds of love and friendship, or self-absorption and isolation may result (Virtue = Love)
  7. Middle Adulthood- GENERATIVITY vs STAGNATION - people and work important, exhibit commitment to future generations (Virtue = CARE)
  8. Maturation/Old Age- EGO INTEGRITY vs DESPAIR - embrace humanity widely; informed, detached concern about death; sense of integrity (Virtue = WISDOM)
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7
Q

Levinson’s Developmental Theory

A
  • Transitions
  • The Dream
  • Time-since-birth to Time-Left to live
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8
Q

Baumrind’s 4 Parenting Styles

A
  1. Authoritarian: Demanding, low Responsivity kids: irritable, aggressive, low self-esteem, low academic achievement
  2. Authoritative: Rational control and responsivity, encouragement of independence. Kids assertive, self-confident, academic achievement
  3. Permissive (Indulgent) - warm/caring but low demands and non-punative. Kids: immature, self-centered, easily frustrated, and low in achievement and independence.
  4. Rejecting-Neglecting: non-responsive and low-demanding; Kids:
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9
Q

What does research show is associated with adolescent delinquency?

A
  • Lack of maternal warmth
  • Lack of supervision
  • Inconsistent or harsh discipline
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10
Q

What does research say about maternal depression on development?

A
  • Increases child’s risk for emotional and behavioral problems
  • Associated with insecure attachment in infants and preschoolers
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11
Q

Early Self-Descriptions

A

Ages 2-6: concrete physical characteristics, specific behaviors, and preferences
Ages 6-10 (middle childhood): refer to their competencies.

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12
Q

Kohlberg’s Cognitive Development Theory (of gender development):

A

Kohlberg thought that like Cognitive Development Theory, identity development entailed a predictable sequence of stages: - Gender identity, gender stability, gender constancy

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13
Q

What was Bem’s Theory?

A

GENDER SCHEMATA THEORY: children develop conceptual frameworks about what is expected of them as girls or boys, and then apply those frameworks to their own behavior.

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14
Q

What does research say about androgeny?

A

That for both males and females, androgeny and masculinity are associated with higher levels of self-esteem than is femininity.

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15
Q

What did Erickson say was the primary developmental task of adolescence?

A

Achievement of a coherent identity

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16
Q

What did Marcia say involved 4 Stages? (Expanded on Erickson’s idea)

A

Development of an adolescent identity.

The stages of Diffusion, Foreclosure, Moratorium, Achievement.

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17
Q

Gilligan’s Argument

A

That in adolescence, girls experience a Relational Crisis as the result of increasing pressure to conform to cultural stereotypes about the “perfect good woman”

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18
Q

At about what age do children understand that death is universal and irreversible and ends biological f(x)ing?

A

About age 10

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19
Q

When are adults most anxious about death?

A

Middle-age

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20
Q

What are Kubler-Ross’ 5 Stages of reacting to one’s own death?

A
  1. Denial
  2. Anger
  3. Bargaining
  4. Depression
  5. Acceptance
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21
Q

Attachment

A
  • Refers to the strong emotional bond that develops between an infant and his or her primary caregiver(s).
  • There are several explanations for the origins of attachment.
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22
Q

Name common approaches to theories of attachment and who the main researcher was

A
  • Psychoanalytic
    - Attachment due to mother consequence of oral gratification
  • Harlow (Learning Theory; monkey exp)
    - Attachment due at least in part to Contact Comfort
  • Bowlby
    - Attachment due exposure of infant to their mother during a critical period (1st year of life)
    - said babies born w/predisposition to increase attachment, ie: cry, smile, vocalize
    - defined 4 Stages of Attachment and “internal working model”
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23
Q

Bowlby’s Attachment Theory

A 
Defined 4 stages: 
- pre-attachment
- attachment-in-the-making
- clear-cut attachment
- formation of reciprocal relationships-
These result in an Internal Working Model
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24
Q

Signs of Attachment

A

Social Referencing (6 months)
- baby looks at caregiver to see how to respond (Visual Cliff)
Separation Anxiety
Stranger Anxiety

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25
Q

Ainsworth’s categories of attachment

A

I. Secure
II Insecure- Anxious/Ambivalent
III. Insecure Anxious/Avoidant
IV. Disorganized/Disoriented

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26
Q

Strange Situation

A

AINSWORTH- A research procedure in which mother leaves their infant alone with a stranger and then returns

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27
Q

Secure Attachment: Parent and Child Characteristics

A

P: Emotionally sensitive , responsive to baby’s cues
C: Explores room with mother present, mildly upset when mother leaves, actively seeks her out when she returns

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28
Q

Insecure Anxious Ambivalent

A

P: Moody, inconsistent behavior in mother
C: Ambivalent, resistant behavior,

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29
Q

Insecure Anxious Avoidant

A

P: Impatient, unresponsive OR provide too much stimulation
C: Interacts very little with mother, little distress when leaving room, avoids or ignores her return, react to mother and stranger similarly

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30
Q

DisORganized/DisORiented Attachment

A

P: 80% of mistreated babies display characteristics
C: Fear of caregivers, dazed or confused facial expression, greeting mother then looking away, other disorganized attachment behaviors.

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31
Q

Emotions in infants

A
  • Babies express basic emotions of interest, sadness, disgust, and distress soon after birth
  • 18-24 months: self-conscious emotions of jealousy, empathy, disgust, and distress, embarrassment.
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32
Q

What does Patterson attribute high levels of aggressiveness in children to?

A
  • Coercive interactions between children and their parents and poor monitoring of children’s activities.
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33
Q

What model of training did Patterson at. al. come up with to teach parents effective parenting skills?

A

Parenting Management Training (Oregon) PTMO

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34
Q

Which Social Cognitive factor has aggressive behavior also been linked to?

A

Hostility Attribution - the tendency to interpret the positive or ambiguous actions of others as intentionally hostile

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35
Q

Difference between Heteronomous stages of morality

Autonomous stages of morality?? PIAGET

A

(Moral Development Theory)-
Heteronomous- judgements are based primarily on the act’s consequences
- Autonomous- judgements based on intentions of person acting

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36
Q

Kohlberg’s Cognitive Developmental Theory (of Moral Development)

A

Predicts a universal, invariant sequence of 3 levels (Pre-Conventional , Conventional, Post-Conventional)

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37
Q

Describe Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development

A

Pre-Conventional-
-Moral judgments based on desire to avoid punishment or receive rewards
Conventional-
- Judgements contingent on social approval or rules, laws
Post-Conventional-
-Moral judgments based on Democratically-Determined Laws or Universal Ethical Principals

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38
Q

Who criticized Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development?

A

Gilligan, who said it applied more to males who focus on justice on individual rights than to females who focus more on caring and responsibility to others.

39
Q

Risk factors of divorce for women

A
  • marry at a young age
  • low level of education
  • no religious affiliation
  • mixed-ethnic relationship
  • single parent home
  • have experienced rap
  • have child within 7 mos
  • co-habitated with partner before marriage
40
Q

Gottesman and Levenson identified which 2 interaction patterns that are predictive of divorce?

A
  • Emotionally volatile, attack-demand

- Inexpressive (later divorce)

41
Q

Describe some post-divorce facts about mothers and consequences on children

A
  • Custodial mothers are often less warm and loving toward their children and are less consistent but more authoritarian w/regard to punishment
  • Effects most profound during the first year after divorce (specific consequences related to age and gender)
  • Preschoolers of divorcing parents show the most distress immediately, while 6-8 year-olds show long-term negative consequences
  • Immediate consequences of divorce are worse for male children, while there may be a SLEEPER EFFECT for females, who could develop problems in adolescence.
42
Q

Sibling Relationships

A
  • Middle childhood- closeness, cooperation/competition,
  • Increased rivalry in middle school
  • less intensity, more distant, and more egalitarianism in adolescence
43
Q

Effects of Maternal Employment

A
  • Benefits outweigh costs
  • in low SES fams, higher achievement/cog devl scores in boys
  • in high SES fams, lower achievement/cog devl scores in boys
44
Q

Effects of Rejection by Peers in Children

A
  • increased negative outcomes, even when social group changed
45
Q

The Importance of PLAY

A
  • essential for development
  • Dramatic/Imaginative = symbols, imitation, problem solving
  • Non-social play = unoccupied, onlooker, solitary
  • Social play = parallel, associative, and cooperative
46
Q

What is the Buffering Hypothesis?

A

Research shows that an individual’s perception of social support is more critical than actual support for alleviating feelings of loneliness and reducing effects of stress.

47
Q

When does peer pressure to conform peak?

A

About age 14-15; when these younger teens are responsive to all types of peer influence- neutral, positive, and negative.

48
Q

What is Carstensen’s socio-emotional selectivity theory?

Social relationships in adulthood

A

It predicts that social motives correspond to perceptions of time left in life as being limited or unlimited.

49
Q

Self-fulfilling Prophecy (Rosenthal Effect)

A

Rosenthal and Jacobson, regarding teacher expectations about student achievement.

50
Q

What does research on teacher feedback to students show?

A

That teacher feedback is related to a child’s gender. Girls more likely than boys to view their failures as a result of a lack of ability.

51
Q

Negative Relief State Model

A

In the Negative State Relief model, helping behaviors are motivated by one’s egoistic desires.

52
Q

In an Ainsworth Strange Situation, a child ignores the mother when she leaves and upon return. The mother is most likely:

A

Impatient or over-stimulating

53
Q

Effects of maternal depression on infant development

A

Higher risk for pathology and may show symptoms of disturbance when they are as little as 3 months old

54
Q

Who are the most likely perpetrators of child abuse?

A

The child’s parent

55
Q

Adult Attachment Interview - 3 Categories

A

“Autonomous”
“Dismissing”- describe parents in positive terms without offering evidence to back it up
“Pre-occupied”- Confused, angry, passively preoccupied
“Unresolved/Disorganized”- Unresolved experience due to loss or abuse; usually used in conjuncion with the other 3.

56
Q

Differential Reinforcement

A

Reinforcing desired behavior and IGNORING undesired behavior

57
Q

Negative Reinforcement example

A

Restrictions are removed each time a child does a chore

58
Q

Working memory is effected by aging. This is primarily due to what?

A

Decline in executive function

59
Q

What test is NOT considered a fair test of intellectual ability?

A

Woodcock Johnson III

60
Q

A primary goal of Munichin’s Structural Family Therapy?

A

Replace rigid and diffuse boundaries with clear boundaries

61
Q

Which aspect of PERCEPTION develops FIRST in an infant?

A

A preference for faces over other visual patterns

62
Q

Piaget attributed the animistic thinking of kids in the preoperational stage to what? EGOCENTRISM

A

EGOCENTRISM

63
Q

Piaget’s Concrete Operation Stage is what?

A

Ages 7-11 years old

64
Q

Second order conditioning facts

A

The second conditioned response will not be as strong as the first

65
Q

One criticism of anger management training for kids is what?

A

It places too much emphasis on the individual (does not take into effect societal factors)

66
Q

According to Piaget, the ability to think abstractly is evident at about what age?

A

11

67
Q

What enhances the effectiveness of punishment?

A
  • Admin immediately after target behavior occurs
  • When applied consistently
  • When the relationship between behavior and punishment is verbally clarified
  • When warning occurs first
  • When all positive reinforcements for the targeted behavior are withheld
68
Q

What are we looking for when conducting a Functional Behavioral Analysis?

A

Conditions that control a behavior

69
Q

Over-correction

A

Used to eliminate an undesirable behavior- involves having person correct the consequences of their behavior AND/OR practice corrective behaviors (positive practice)

70
Q

What type of technique would be good to change sleep behaviors?

A

Stimulus Control - based on the idea that increasing or strengthening links between certain cues and behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior
IE only sleep in bed for sleeping; get up at same time each morning, avoid napping, get up after 20 mins

71
Q

PreMack Principal

A

Involves REINFORCEMENT a low frequency behavior (homework) with a high frequency behavior (video games) in order to increase the low-frequency behavior.

72
Q

At what age to children start to define themselves: “I am friendly” or “I am shy.”

A

End of Middle

73
Q

Which theorist would prescribe a client with insomnia to wash the floors for 2 hours each time they woke up in the night?

A

Milton Erickson, who talked about “ORDEALS” by him and Haley

74
Q

Klein vs Anna Freud and children’s play

A

Klein thought kids play was “free association”, while Anna freud argued that it was kids “acting out”

75
Q

Escape conditioning

A

A negative reinforcement in which a behavior occurs because it allows the subject to escape an undesireable stimulus or event. (Kid apologizing after hitting other kids and ending up in time out).

76
Q

For retaining information in Long-
Term Memory, which of the following are most critical?
Visual Representation, Time, Repetition, or Meaningful Organization?

A

Meaningful organization

77
Q

Vygotsky viewed the self-talk among children to what?

A

A means of self-guidance and self-instruction

78
Q

To what principal does an operant psychologist attribute a complex series of behaviors?

A

CHAINING

79
Q

With regard to predicting job performance, how well does “g” factor (General Cognitive Ability)

A

It is predictive of performance across a wide variety of jobs

80
Q

If a mother reinforces both kid’s homework and piano practice separately with coins, and then withdraws the coins given for piano, what will happen to each of the behaviors?

A

The piano practice will decrease but the homework will increase due to “behavioral contrast” phenomenon.

81
Q

Halophrasic versus Telegraphic speech

A

“Milk” versus “Want Milk”

82
Q

What do mother’s tend to remember about their children?

A

Birth weight

83
Q

Implicit Memory

A

Unconscious, Automatic; IE procedural memory like buttoning pants in the morning

84
Q

KUBLER ROSS’s stages of Dying

A
  1. Denial 2.) Anger 3) Bargaining 4.) Depression 5.) Acceptance
85
Q

Gradual decline in intensity, frequency, and duration of a response is called what?

A

HABITUATION

No such thing as fading

86
Q

Research comparisons of monolingual and bilingual children have shown what with regard to inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility

A

Bilingual children outperform monolingual children on both measures

87
Q

In 1979, it was ruled that IQ tests could no longer be utilized to do what?

A

Use them to decide if African American children should be placed in special education classes

88
Q

Tolman research with rats in mazes showed what?

A

That reinforcement is not always necessary for learning

89
Q

Time sampling

A

Observing for pre-specified time periods

90
Q

Time series design

A

When the dependent variable is assessed at regular intervals before and after a treatment

91
Q

Multiple baseline design

A

Using single-subject design that involves sequentially applying treatments across SETTINGS

92
Q

PreMack Principal

A

A principle of reinforcement which states that an opportunity to engage in more probable behaviors (or activities) will reinforce less probable behaviors (or activities). … In this study, highly preferred activities were effective as reinforcers for less preferred behaviors.

93
Q

Mom’s can usually distinguish between which 3 cries of their baby?

A

Hungry, Angry, Pain

94
Q

Reciprocol inhibition

A

Reciprocal inhibition can be defined as anxiety being inhibited by a feeling or response that is not compatible with the feeling of anxiety. Wolpe first started using eating as a response to inhibited anxiety in the laboratory cats. He would offer them food while presenting a conditioned fear stimulus. FOR EXAMPLE, giving a cat food while introducing a fear-inducing stimulus.

Spring EPPP Practice (12 decks)

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