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Spring EPPP Practice > Stats > Flashcards

Stats Flashcards

1
Q

When is a MANOVA used

A

With one or more independent variables and two or more dependent variables

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2
Q

Between subjects versus Within subjects designs

And MIXED

A

Between-subjects (or between-groups) study design: different people test each condition, so that each person is only exposed to a single user interface.
Within-subjects (or repeated-measures) study design: the same person tests all the conditions (i.e., all the user interfaces).
MIXED study design utilizes both BETWEEN GROUPS subjects AND WITHIN GROUPS variables

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3
Q

SEM Standard Error of Measurement in creating Confidence Intervals

A

68% confidence interval is the score given + or - the SEM
95% confidence interval is the given score + or - TWICE (x 1.96) the SEM
99% confidence is the given score + or - 2 1/2 times SEM (x 2.58)

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4
Q

A test developer is calculating a test’s _____ when dividing the number of true positives ID by the test by the number of true positives PLUS false negatives

A

Sensitivity

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5
Q

The WAIS-IV’s Global Ability Index (GAI) is based on subtests for which of the following Indexes?

A

Verbal Comprehension and Perceptual Reasoning

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6
Q

Taylor-Russell Tables provide an estimate of the incremental validity of a test.

A

The greatest validity comes with a selection ratio of __ and a base rate of __.
Need BASE RATE, SELECTION RATIO, and VALIDITY COEFFICIENT

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7
Q

What happens to the SEM when sample size increases?

A
  • SEM decreases as sample size increases.
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8
Q

Test Unfairness

A

Occurs when for 2 groups (ie men /women):

Criterion-related Validity is SAME
Criterion scores are SAME/SIMILAR, but
Predictor Scores are significantly DIFFERENT

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9
Q

Rancho Los Amigos Level of Cognitive Functioning Scale

A

A patient who receives a rating of Level V (Confused – Inappropriate Response) is confused but non-agitated, responds to simple commands, gives random or fragmented responses to complex stimuli, has impaired memory and selective attention, and is unable to retain new information.

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10
Q

Co-efficient of stability

A

Measures reliability of test across 2 occasions with separate examinees

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11
Q

Co-efficiency of Internal Consistency

A

Measures the reliability of a factor that fluctuates in intensity or severity over time

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12
Q

Test Bias: What does Slope Bias describe?

A

When a predictor’s validity co-efficient differs for different groups

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13
Q

Wonderlic Personelle Test - R evaluates what?

A

A brief test of mental ability for adults.

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14
Q

Solomon 4 Group Design

A

Evaluates the effects of pre-testing

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15
Q

SAT Reasoning Test’s purpose

A

Predict the college success of high school seniors

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16
Q

What type of test is the EPPP

A

A measure of basic psychology knowledge

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17
Q

Multiple Regression Analyses advantages over ANOVA

A
  • Eliminates need for 2-stage analysis involving Global Significance Test followed by “fine grain” significance tests
  • Not limited to categorical variables
  • Enables researchers to determine if adding additional independent variables affects dependent variable beyond the effects found by the initial independent variables
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18
Q

Rational Economic model of decision making views decision makers as attempting to make

A

Optimal decisions

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19
Q

3 Components of a Needs Assessment

A

Organization Analysis, Task Analysis, and Person Analysis

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20
Q

Example of a point-biserial correlation

A

pregnant or not with multiple item stress test

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21
Q

What are you finding out about a predictor when you divide the number of (true positives) by the number of (true positives plus false negatives)

A

A predictor’s SENSITIVITY

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22
Q

A psychologist that is testing people would likely find that in comparison with people with a low need for achievement, people with a high need for achievement would prefer which level of task difficulty?

A

MODERATE difficulty

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23
Q

Spearman- Brown formula is used for what?

A

Reliability coeffecient- To estimate the effects of increasing or decreasing the length of a test on it’s reliability coefficient RANKS

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24
Q

What kind of distribution has a mean that is less than the median and a median that is less than the mode?

A

Negatively Skewed

Don’t forget left (lower) and right (higher)

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25
Q

Canonical Correlation

A

IE: when using scores on 8 subscales of a test to predict the scores on 5 subscales of another test

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26
Q

Why would you chose a MANOVA over 2 ANOVAs?

A

Control for experimentwise error rate; see which factor(s) are truly important; may reveal differences that aren’t apparent when doing them separately.

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27
Q

Moderator vs Mediator variable

A

A moderator variable effects the direction or strength of the relationship
A mediator variable explains the relationship - HOW or WHY

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28
Q

Understand confidence intervals and relationship to SE of measurement

A

68% confidence interval would be the raw score plus and minus (+ and -) the SE of the measurement

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29
Q

In an ANOVA that is comparing the effect of 4 individual variables on 1 dependent variable. What is a significant F value?

A

When it is greater than 1.0. OR the when the numerator is greater in a ratio of mean square between (numerator) over mean square within (denom)

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30
Q

High scores on scales 4 and 9 on the MMPI would likely look like what type of behavior?

A

Antisocial behavior and impulsivity

4= psychopathic deviant; 9=hypomania

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31
Q

The Theory of Work adjustment indicates that what is the biggest predictor of a worker being forced out of a position is what?

A

“Satisfactoriness”

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32
Q

When will there be more false positives than false negatives?

A

When a populations base rate is low, and the accuracy of a test is high (over 50%; ie:95%). Because it will be more likely to misdiagnose those NOT having the condition than misdiagnosing those having it that do not.

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33
Q

What does G. Herek (1992) attribute to violence against LGBTQ folks?

A

Heterosexism

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34
Q

What are the Raven Colored Progressive Matrices?

A

A item Intelligence test for 5 -11 year olds; older adults (65+), or those with moderate to severe learning difficulties

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35
Q

What does Item Response Theory reflect?

A

Status of latent trait or ability- good for Criterion-Keyed. Tailored, and Diagnostic/Employment screening; but NOT for TEACHER-MADE tests (too big of sample needed?)

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36
Q

ANCOVA

A

Statistically remove error variance from an extraneous variable

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37
Q

What approach was used to define the Big 5 Personality Traits?

A

Lexical - WORDS- based on definitions in the dictionary originally; personality comes through via language

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38
Q

A discrimination score of “0” means what on an academic achievement test?

A

That there was no difference in answering between low achieving students and high achieving students

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39
Q

Which has the lowest reliability out of a 3-point, 7-point, True False, or Free Recall test?

A

True False

40
Q

Confidence Intervals need what numerical component?

A

Standard Error of Measurement

41
Q

What is a Wide Range Achievement test?

A

It is a brief achievement test that measures reading comprehension, spelling, and arithmatic

42
Q

Using an ANOVA: when?

A

When there are 2 or more independent variables

43
Q

What is Structural Behavior Modeling used for?

A

Evaluate the predictive influences of multiple latent factors

44
Q

Leptokurtik means what about a distribution?

A

A higher than normal peak

45
Q

Difference between parametric and not parametric tests?

A

Important to know if sample not random

46
Q

Research Design 1: Counterbalanced

A

A WITHIN SUBJECTS design; Used to control “carryover effects”; using different levels of the independent variable with different participants or groups, in a different order.

47
Q

Research Design 2: Randomized Block Design

A

Used to control the effects of a confounding variable by making sure the individuals or groups are equal on that variable blocked into groups) before then randomly assigning individuals to treatment groups

48
Q

Research Design 3: Solomon 4 Group Design

A

Special factorial design to evaluate the effects of pretesting on post-test scores. Int/Ext VALIDITY

49
Q

Design 4: Non-equivalent Groups Design

A

A quasi-experimental research design in which participants CANNOT BE RANDOMLY ASSIGNED to different treatment groups.

50
Q

If a tests reliability coefficient is zero, what else do we know?

A

That the Standard Error of Measurement for the test is equal to the test’s standard deviation

51
Q

Types of Test Construction

A
  1. Factor Analytic method (correlations with some items and less with others)
  2. Theoretical method (reflect traits identified by experts as reflective of a specific personality theory
  3. Criterion (empirical criterion keying- items that have been shown to distinguish between people who have the trait and people who don’t)
52
Q

BARS evaluation

A
  • Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales
  • A criticism is that it requires raters to guess at what kinds of behaviors they would expect rather than actual observed behaviors
53
Q

What does research say about effects when comparing day, swing, and night shifts

A

Night shift has the most with detrimental effects to health, and may or may not be similar to swing shift with regard to impact on social lives

54
Q

What does research say about Single-session Psychological Debriefing?

A

It does not prevent PTSD but may actually exacerbate symptoms

55
Q

Interrupted Time Series research design

A

Using a SINGLE Group DV measured at regular intervals before and after treatment

56
Q

What type of scoring would be most useful when scores will determine how much participants learned during a 2-week workshop

A

Percentage scores

% of each domain mastered

57
Q

Compliance

A

When a person changes their behavior due to social influence in order to obtain reinforcement or avoid punishment

58
Q

ICC- What is an Item Characteristic Curve?

A

The relationship between a latent ability and the performance on a test item

59
Q

Fleider’s Contingency Model of Leadership (LPC)

A

A low LPC focuses on completing tasks

60
Q

What scale on the MMPI identifies if someone may be malingering, trying to look bad, or is being careless when answering

A

F Scale

61
Q

MANCOVA

A

To control for a confounding correlating variable, multiple dependent variables

62
Q

Meta analysis utilizes an “effect size” to show what?

A

Mean differences between experimental and control groups

63
Q

Moderator vs Mediator

A

Moderator- effects the STRENGTH of the relationship

Mediator- are RESPONSIBLE for

64
Q

What is a NONLINEAR TRANSFORMATION?

A

When score transformations alters the rank order and relative size of the distance between scores

65
Q

What will raising a cutoff score due to T/F Positive and Negatives?

A

Raising the cutoff score will decrease T and F positives and increase T and F negatives

66
Q

Stepwise Multiple Regression would be used for what?

A

To reduce the number of predictors needed to account for criterion variability.

67
Q

What part of the Rorschach test is useful for evaluating intelligence?

A

Organizational Activity

68
Q

With regard to Holland’s Self-Directed Search, what is the frequency with which a respondent’s CODE occurred in the standardized population is called what?

A

Commonness

69
Q

KUDER - RICHARDSON 20 test

A

A high correlation (>.8 or .9) is associated with a homogenous test

70
Q

Latin Square is what kind of statistic??

A

Administering each level of the independent variable to each participants so that it is given the same number of times to each, IN EACH POSITION

71
Q

What test is based on the PASS model of intelligence?

A

A measure of basic cognitive processes; The Cognitive Assessment System is based on the PASS model (Planning, Attention, Simultaneous processing and Sequential processing.

72
Q

If a researcher changes is alpha level from .01 to .001, what is likely the result with regard to correctly or incorrectly rejecting or retaining a true or false null hypothesis?

A

Less likely to incorrectly reject a true null hypothesis

73
Q

If a researcher gets a .85 correlation for participants raw scores and predicted scores, what correlation co-efficient will he get if he converts those scores to non-normalized t-scores?

A

Also .85

74
Q

What area of scoring would you expect an child with ASD without language impairment to obtain the lowest scores on a WISC-V?

A

Coding and Symbol Search (processing speed)

75
Q

Student’s t-test

A

Compare the means of scores obtained by 2 groups

76
Q

2 Way ANOVA

A

Two independent variables

77
Q

Chi Square

A

Analyzes frequency (nominal) data t

78
Q

What information does the slope of the Item Characteristic Curve tell us?

A

Discrimination (between low and high achievers), Item difficulty, and probability of getting an item correct by guessing!

79
Q

A test developer is wanting to evaluate the effects of a training program on sales success of newbies; which type of test validity would be important?

A

Criterion-related

80
Q

If designing achievement test where reliability was most important, what type of test design would you be LEAST likely to choose?

A

T/F

NOT M/C, essay, FIB

81
Q

When an assumption in an ANOVA is violated, what is the best strategy to use to analyze the data

A

Krusty-Wallis LOL

Kruskal

82
Q

When conducting an Item Analysis, one item has a p-value of .85. What does this mean?

A

That the item is easy.

83
Q

P-Values with Item Analysis

A

Lower = more difficult

Higher + easier (more people answered it correctly)

84
Q

How to discriminate using an Item Analysis?

A

Calculating D statistic; this is the number of people who got it wrong from the number of people that got it right

85
Q

What is Bonferroni for?

A
  • Control experiment-wise error rate

- Reduce significance level for each comparison

86
Q

When factors are OBLIQUE, what does that mean?

A

That correlation coefficient for any two factors is greater than 0.

87
Q

OBLIQUE vs ORTHOGONAL

A

Non-correlated vs Correlated

88
Q

When using a split-half method for reliability, what should you remember?

A

Splitting using even or odd numbers will likely result in a reliability co-efficient that over-estimates the reliability

89
Q

What statistic (correlation coefficient) would you use when correlating associations between 2 variables that have been artificially dichotomized?

A

Tetrachoric. Used for comparing 2 artificially dichotomized normal distributions.

90
Q

Eta correlation coefficient

A

Used for continuous, non-linear variables

91
Q

When would you not want to use autocorrelation?

A

With a repeated measures design

92
Q

What does “Test the Limits” mean in testing, and when would you do this?

A

allows extended time or attempts in an effort to evaluate maximum abilities in the individual completing the test. Used after administering the test using standard procedures.

93
Q

Shrinkage

A

Associated with cross-validation

94
Q

When KNOWLEDGE of a person’s score on one test effects how that person is rated on a subsequent test, what is this called?

A

Criterion Contamination

95
Q

Construct validity

A

High correlation w/test representing same attributes and low correlation w/test representing opposite attributes

96
Q

A low selection ratio and moderate base rate are useful for what?

A

Maximizing incremental validity

Spring EPPP Practice (12 decks)

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