Theories with Ownership & Control

Question 1

How many theories do we look at within Ownership and Control of media

Answer 1

4

Question 2

Which 3 theories do we look at within Ownership and Control of media

Answer 2

Instrumental/manipulative Approach: Traditional marxism
Hegemoonic view: Neo-marxism Approach
Pluralist Approach
Postmodernism

Question 3

What is the main point from Instrumental/manipulative approach (traditional marxism) for ownership and control of media

Answer 3

Owners of media companies have direct control of content and use it to benefit capitalism ideology
Media = ISA (Althusser)

Question 4

How does the media promote capitalist ideology for Instrumental/manipulative approach (traditional marxism)

Answer 4

Adds - encourage consumer culture = false needs
Dragons Den - myth of meritocracy = portrays everyone has a fair choice
Emphasis on benefit - welfare depedancy viewed - views it as individuals fault and not capitalism, ‘people on welfare are lazy’
Quiz shows - money = happiness, competition, profit is main aim

Question 5

What did Miliband say about the media

Answer 5

It is the new ‘Opium of the people’
Rc use the media to entertain and promote messages of consumerism and capitalist ideology
Rarely inform audience on important matters - poverty
Media is the new bread and circus

Question 6

What did Turnstall and Palmer say about the extent at which the media companies have control

Answer 6

Govs dont regulate media as they need media support to gain or remain in power

Question 7

What is the definition of Regulatory favours

Answer 7

Newspapers supporting governments in returning for the gov not to regulate them

Question 8

What are two examples of Regulatory favours

Answer 8

Leverson Inquiry: Found a link between media ownerss and govs - media support to political parties
Donalds trumpy unlikely to regulate Twitter due to Elon Musk

Question 9

How do pluralists criticise the traditional marxist theory of ownership and control

Answer 9

Wide range of opinions and options owner must provide for what audience want to make profit

Question 10

How do Neophiliacs criticse traditional marxists theory of ownership and control

Answer 10

Interactivity of new media and citizens journalists has undermined media companies control
We now expose RC BUT RC can still censor (Arab Spring)

Question 11

What are two general criticism of traditional marxists theory of ownership and control

Answer 11

Legal restrains on how many meiuda outlets a conglomerate can own to reduce influence - owners cannot just publish own views
Deterministic - audiences arent as passive and easy to manipulate to believe Rc ideology, they challenge the ideas presented by media

Question 12

What is the other name for Neo-marxism in media

Answer 12

Hegemonic view

Question 13

What is the general view of Neo-marxism in media

Answer 13

Journalists control the media and not the owners
They select what news we see and they unintentionally support the interests of capitalism due to the jounralists social background - MC white men

Question 14

Which sociological group to neo-marxists use for their view on the media and who controls it

Answer 14

Glasgow uni media group

Question 15

What is the main aim of journalists and how do they achieve this

Answer 15

To make profit
Do this by delivering ‘middle of the road’ content, uncontraversial stories they believe appeal to the majority
These stories maintain the status quo (capitalism)

Question 16

What % of journalists in the UK were privately educated

Answer 16

Over 50%

Question 17

How do the journalists in control of the media link to capitalism

Answer 17

Jounralists background and aim to make profit = uintentionally reflects interests of bourgeoisie and support capitalism

Question 18

How does journalists in control of the media allow for hegemony

Answer 18

Journalists reporting persuades audiance to believe in odminant ideology and accept the powerful ruling over them = ruling by consent

Question 19

How does the Neo-marxist view on the control of the media link to Halls scapegoats in crime (black muggers)

Answer 19

Journalists turn a blind eye to eestavlishment and instead critically attack the poor, unemployed, benefit claimers and immigrants

Question 20

What is Agenda setting and gatekeeping

Answer 20

Ability to decide what is shown and how it is portrayed
Audiences have little choice over what they see
Neo-marxists say journalists possess this

Question 21

What is an example of Agenda setting and gatekeeping

Answer 21

Reporting of the 2011 London riots where the focus was on the damage caused by the wc and not the cause (racism and capitalism, death or Mark Duggan

Question 22

How do traditional marxists criticise the Neo-marxist view of control and the media

Answer 22

Journalists are manipulated and must follow desires of the owners
Hegemonic view underestimates power of influence by the owners - Leveson Inquiry where Murdoch undermineds journalists and pressured them to adopt right wing views

Question 23

How does the nature of the new media criticise the Hegemonic view of the media and control

Answer 23

Interactivity of new media means audience can control the media through eyeball democracy which can be used to combat capitalism - Pluralists

Question 24

What is the general view from the Pluralists approach to media and control

Answer 24

Consumers are in control - wide variety of media avaliable from a wide range of sources

Question 25

What is meant by Markety mechanism for Pluralists approach to media and control

Answer 25

Concentration of ownership due to economic rationality not political or sinister - to keep profits up andd costs down - Murdoch Diversity of products means it is impossible for owners to directly influence their content

Question 26

What is meant by Media shaped by consumer demand for Pluralists approach to media and control

Answer 26

Only give what the audience want Have to be popular to surrveive - eyeball democracy Professional ethics of jounralists stops abuse Media owners compete to atttract consumers = improvements in quality and services and tailored to consumers in different markets

Question 27

What is meant by Division of ownership control for Pluralists approach to media and control

Answer 27

Media owners cannot possible control all out put - hand it over to editors for day-daya control

Question 28

What is meant by Audience Participation for Pluralists approach to media and control

Answer 28

Instant participation in new media - voices heard This was still prevelent in old media - letter for Points of View radioshow

Question 29

What is meant by Media = Part of democratic process

Answer 29

Audiences gain knowledge about politics from trustowrthy media sources

Question 30

What is meant by Legal Constraints for Pluralists approach to media and control (includes two evaluations)

Answer 30

Stop certain political parties from dominating media = no bias X only in place for TV and newspapers X hard to enforce in new media due to instant posts on social media

Question 31

What are two regulator boards in the media

Answer 31

OFCOM - regulate TV and radio, can offer sanctions and take away licenses Independent Press Standards Organisation - regulates newspaper and magazines

Question 32

What example is used for the idea of consumer demand making things popular in the media - Pluralists

Answer 32

Blackberry phones: Used to be leader of phone industry Did not adapt to rise in ppopularity in smartphones and has now stopped producing phones and moved to security

Question 33

Which media company proves pluralists points on impartiality and only providing what the consumers want

Answer 33

BBC

Question 34

What is the evaluation point to the BBC being impartial

Answer 34

BBC now publishes more commercial content in order to stay popular

Question 35

What are two examples of the pluralist approach being seen in the sanctions of big media companies for breaching

Answer 35

GB News fined £100,000 for repeated breach of political rules in the run up to the 2024 general election Leverson inquiry - started from media hacking into a missing girls phone and caused David Cameron to make an inquiry into ethics of media. Out come = new regulation body recommended

Question 36

What is an evaluation of the Leverson inquiry for the hacking of the missing girls phone

Answer 36

Only ended in recommendations which do not have to be followed = not acted upon

Question 37

How do marxists criticise the pluralist approach to media and control

Answer 37

Media owners have total control and gov are reluctant to regulate Fire journalists based on willingness to obey orders

Question 38

How do neo-marxistss criticse the pluralist approach to media and control

Answer 38

Pluralists over-emphasis impartiality of journalists - background results in uncontroversial reporting, not diverse

Question 39

How do feminists criticse the pluralist approach to media and control

Answer 39

Content not diverse - lack of female voices

Question 40

What is one general evaluation for the pluralist approach to media and control

Answer 40

Powerless groups do not have resources to set up media companies of their own = not being heard from = not diverse

Question 41

What do Postmodernists say generally about the media and control

Answer 41

No one has control of the media Journalists can no longer impose one view One truth = no longer possible

Question 42

Which 4 things impact ownership and control for the postmodernist view

Answer 42

Media saturation - immersed in media Globalisation - nations borders crossed through communication Decline in meta narratives - people no longer believe in 'one truth' Levene: greater choice - interactivity and media = increase choice = easier to reject meta narrative

Question 43

What did Braudrillard say about hyper reality

Answer 43

Audiences have so much info, they struggle to distinguish between real life and media messages - simulacra

Question 44

What did Trowler say about media messages

Answer 44

Polysemic - each one interpreted differently, one idea is not more powerful than others

Question 45

How do marxists critice postmodernists view of media and control

Answer 45

Media saturated world has created passive participation in mass culture - not more choice, it is more of the same

Question 46

What is a general evaluation for postmodernist view of media and control

Answer 46

It fails to acknowledge structural inequalities in wealth and power = difficult for powerless groups to bring about change via media (like pluralists fail to acknowledge)