THEORIES OF STUTTERING DEVELOPMENT Flashcards
Puts together findings in a systematic way so that past phenomena are explained and future ones are predicted
theory
set of formal hypotheses about the etiology or the cause of stuttering
stuttering theories
A supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a stating point for further investigation
hypothesis
What causes Stuttering?
There are no exact cause but there are a lot of contributing factors
true or false
Stuttering is a complex disorder composed of few levels or factors.
false
MANY levels or factors
One sign of the competent clinician is that ____
he or she does not casually provide an answer to the question of etiology
age of onset
2-4
earlier theoretical perspectives of stuttering etiology
- form of punishment for win on the part of the child/parent
- moses was a person who stuttered
- record of egyptians (nitnit)
- narrative from the middle kingdom of egypt (the tale of the shipwrecked sailor”
- problem with anatomical structure
- Johann Dieffenbach’s operations
- demosthenes’ use of pebbles
nitnit or njtnjt means
“to talk hesitantly”
theories explaining onset of stuttering
Psychological
Physiological
Learning
Multifactorial
Suggesting that stuttering behaviors are a symptom indicative of an underlying psychological or emotional neurotic conflict
pscyhological theories
told to place pebbles under his tongue and practice speaking loudly to the sea
demosthenes
In this view, they see stuttering as a psychological problem
pscyhoanalytic
a psychopathology and that the overt stuttering behaviors are symptomatic of a deep-seated psychological disorder
stuttering
Another term for neurotic or psychoanalytic explanation of stuttering
repressed need hypothesis
Stuttering to gain attention, sympathy or to avoid responsibilities
repressed need hypothesis
Fixation of psychological development at an oral or anal stage of infant sexual development
psychosexual
learning theories
Diagnosogenic
Anticipatory Struggle
Classical and Operant Conditioning
At or near the onset of stuttering the speaker learns that speaking is difficult and subsequently learns to anticipate stuttering and struggles when attempting to produce fluent speech
learning theories
Stuttering is a learned behavior
learning theories: Anticipatory Struggle
what does Zeitgeist mean
trend
A belief that stuttering is caused by the misdiagnosis of typical dysfluencies as stuttering
diagnosogenic theory
if you continuously point out to someone na nagsstutter siya, mas dumadami stuttering nila
monster theory
Stuttering, therefore, is created by the listener as normal breaks in fluency are shaped into stuttering
diagnosogenic theory
Proposes that stuttering emerges from a child’s experiences of frustration and failure when trying to talk
anticipatory-struggle model
This view also proposes that stuttering develops from the normal fluency breaks produced by young children
continuity hypothesis
true of false
according to the continuity hypothesis, the development of stuttering is a consequence of the child’s trying to avoid normal fluency breaks that have been mislabeled
false, NOT a consequence but as tension and fragmentation increase especially for part-word repetitions, the pattern becomes chronic and the child is more likely to be e identified as someone who stutters
what stage in classical conditioning
The speech features of stuttering are a “form of fluency failure” which is believed to be associated with a negative emotional state (negative emotion causes initial fluency failure)
stage 1
what stage in classical conditioning
Negative emotion and resulting fluency failure become linked to certain external stimuli through associative learning
stage 2
what stage in classical conditioning
There is an extension of the range of stimuli to which the negative emotional response becomes associated.
stage 3
what is classical conditioning
Stage 1
Unconditioned stimulus = food = stuttering OR negative emotion
Unconditioned response = salivation = negative emotion OR stuttering
Stage 2
Neutral Stimulus = bell = people/speaking situations
Unconditioned stimulus = food = stuttering OR negative emotion
Unconditioned response = salivation = negative emotion OR stuttering
Stage 3
Conditioned Stimulus = bell = people/ speaking situations/ conversations
Conditioned Response = Salivation = negative emotions OR Stuttering
meant to increase behavior
reinforcement
meant to decrease the behavior
punishment
This physiological theory states that it is necessary for one hemisphere to be dominant over the other in order for speech movements to be properly synchronized and proposed that the left hemisphere was the more dominant in this process
cerebral dominance theory
The phenomenon that one hemisphere of the brain (left or right) takes the lead or is stronger for a particular function.
hemispheric dominance
This hypothesis attributes an inefficiency or over-adduction of the vocal folds as a core aspect of stuttering etiology
MODIFIED VOCALIZATION HYPOTHESIS
iWhat physiological theory us under this: Although not specifically implicating the vocal folds, Starkweather (1995) stated that “elevated muscle activity is itself the proximal cause of stuttering behavior”
MODIFIED VOCALIZATION HYPOTHESIS
What hypothesis is under this physiological theory: Expands on the role of the basal ganglia in stuttering by emphasizing their motor functions.
DUAL PREMOTOR SYSTEMS HYPOTHESIS
This anatomical structure plays a key role in the automatization of fast motor sequences and provide timing cues to the supplementary motor area
basal ganglia
This anatomical structure are subcortical structures in the center of the brain that receive input from many areas of the cerebral cortex and the limbic system
basal ganglia
Hypothesis that focuses on timing and motor control
dual premotor system hypothesis
direct pathway that includes the basal ganglia and the SMA
medial pathway
indirect pathway, including the lateral premotor cortex and the cerebellum.
lateral pathway
associated with self-initiated actions, and in connection with the limbic system, motivational factors
medial system
Involuntary movements does not involve conscious planning, automatic
medial system
functions in response to sensory input based on feedback control and is associated with voluntary and conscious control
lateral system
Voluntary is sensory, self-initiated
lateral system
true or false
A peak in dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia occurs at age 2.5 to 3 years, approximately the same time of stuttering onset in young speakers.
true
It has also been suggested that the DI/D2 ratio is lower in _____.
boys
reason why mas prevalent sa boys compared to girls
A decreased function of the direct (DI/D2 ratio) pathway results in _______- of the desired action
deficient activation
proposes that most of the fluency inducing conditions such as singing, unison (choral) reading, and altered feedback create a shift in the dominance of speech motor timing from the impaired medial pathway to the lateral system, bypassing the instability of the medial system.
dual premotor theory
The model proposes that internal or covert monitoring allows speakers to detect errors in phonological encoding prior to the implementation of articulatory commands
dual premotor theory
Proposes a psycholinguistic perspective involving both production and perception to account for fluency breaks
covert repair hypothesis
An explanation of stuttering as the result of the brain’s stopping production of speech when it detects an error in the plan that the brain has made to produce the word
covert repair hypothesis
Language aspect (Cog-ling factor)
“plan”
motor control; motor aspect
“ex”
Presented as an autonomous model in that this sequence of production is not linked to internal or external monitoring.
EXPLAN model
Breakdowns in fluency occur at the language-speech interface; although one linguistic plan is completed the next plan is not ready for execution
EXPLAN model
has to do with the automatic control inherent in many mechanical and biological systems.
Cybernetic & Feedback Model
The goal of this is to match the intended output to the actual output and reduce any differences that are detected between the two—the error signal—to zero.
servosystem
goal of the cybernetic theory
servosystem
Incorporate various forms of feedback that are used to regulate the output of a system
Cybernetic & Feedback Model
Consider combinations of factors that result in the onset and development of stuttering
multifactorial theory
it is because of many factors and overt signs of stuttering are seen as surface manifestations of an ever-changing neurophysiological process underlying the disorder.
dynamic-multifactorial model
A view of stuttering that suggests that stuttering results when the demands put on a child’s speech are greater than the child’s capacity for fluency
demands and capacities model
Under the Demands & Capacities model, this refers to inherited tendencies, strengths, weaknesses, and perceptions which may influence child’s fluency
capacities
Emphasizes the dynamic interplay among three levels of influence on human behavior and on stuttering in particular, ____, _____ and ___
processing, output and contextual
central neurophysiological processes; what happens to your brain
processing
motor, cognitive, language, social, and emotional processes
output
