NATURE OF STUTTERING AND DYSFLUENCIES Flashcards
Lesson 1
This is a continuous and effortless flow of both movement and information; effortless flow of speech
Fluency
fluency refers to
Refers to continuity, smoothness, rate, and effort in speech production.
what are the language and speech components of fluency
Linguistic and Speech fluency
the 4 components of linguistic fluency
syntactic, semantic, phonologic, and pragmatic fluency
when a person has a large vocabulary repertoire.
semantic fluency
can use a variety of forms in order to put together increasingly complex sentence structures
syntactic fluency
Capable of producing sequences of sound of increasing length and complexity in languages that are both familiar and unfamiliar
phonologic fluency
Able to respond appropriately and in a timely manner in various contexts
pragmatic fluency
the following components of speech fluency:
Continuity, Rate, Effort (CRE)
this refers to logical sequencing of syllables and words.
continuity
continuity refers to
refers to the presence and absence of pauses, which are said to mark the disruption of the flow of sound
this refers to disruption in the flow of sound
pauses
two types of pauses that indicate decision-making in terms of upcoming word choice, style or syntax:
conventional and idiosyncratic pauses
type of pause is used by a speaker in order to signal a linguistically important event.
conventional pauses
type of pause happens when a speaker hesitates or becomes uncertain about what is being said.
idiosyncratic pauses
Pauses can also be characterized as:
Filled and Unfilled pauses
unfilled pauses are
silence lasting longer than approximately 250 milliseconds
filled pauses are
Fillers such as “ah”, “err”, “uh”, and “um” are used to make a continuous flow of sound but essentially disrupts the flow of information.
This pertains to the number of syllables that a speaker produces per second.
Rate
Variations of rate are seen due to the following factors:
Formality of the speaking situation, Time pressure, inference from background noise/competing messages, wide range of acceptable rates in the judgement of fluency, and speaking in a noisy environment
Most important dimension of fluency
Effort
2 types of effort
linguistic planning and muscle movement
Effort associated with linguistic planning
■ Language
■ Finding the right words or putting words together (syntactic)
Effort associated with muscle movement
■ Motoric, speech
■ Movement of the articulators
most sensitive indicator of fluent speech
listener’s perception of effort
True or False: perception of effort is closely related to the force of contact between opposing articulators.
true
it is an interruption in the flow of speaking characterized by atypical rate, rhythm, and disfluencies
fluency disorder
People with fluency disorders also frequently experience _____ impacts as a result of communication disorder
psychological, emotional, social, and functional impacts
Differentiate disfluency and dysfluency
disfluency is often used in literature to refer to the fluency breaks of normal speakers
dysfluency is used to describe the abnormal fluency breaks of people who stutter (PWS)
Interruptions that disrupt the natural flow and rhythm of speech
Disfluency
Normal Fluency Breaks/Disfluencies include:
Phrase repetitions, Interjections, Pauses (PIP)
a transient phenomenon characterized by a child’s easy repetitions of syllables and words
Primary Stuttering/Behavior
Child is typically unaware of these events and displays no special effort or tension during speaking
Primary Stuttering/Behavior
primary core behaviors are
Initial motoric behaviors taking place in the speech production mechanism
Begins when speaker becomes aware of and responds to these core behaviors
Secondary Stuttering/Behavior
Secondary behaviors can be divided into two broad classes
escape and avoidance behaviors.
what is escape behavior
a speaker’s attempts to terminate a stutter and finish the word. This occurs when the speaker is already in a moment of stuttering
what is avoidance behavior
speaker’s attempt to prevent stuttering when he or she anticipates
stuttering on a word or in a situation
people with stuttering may ____
may repeat parts of words (repetitions), stretch a sound out for a long time (prolongations), or have a hard time getting a word out (blocks).
what is stuttering
a type of speech disorder characterized by that interrupt the flow and rhythm of
speech.
True or False:
A fluency break is more likely to be considered normal or nonstuttered if it is not the result of “linguistic uncertainty”
false.
A fluency break is more likely to be considered normal or nonstuttered if it is the result of “linguistic uncertainty” -
types of disfluencies happen when someone stutters:
- Part-word repetitions
○ “I w-w-w-want a drink.” - One-syllable word repetitions ○ “Go-go-go away.”
- Prolonged sounds
○ “Ssssssssam is nice.” - Blocks or stop
2 TYPES OF FLUENCY BREAKS
● Formulative Fluency Breaks
● Motoric Fluency Breaks
What are Formulative Fluency Breaks
Characterized by (a) breaks (usually in the form of repetitions) between whole words, phrases, and larger syntactic units and (b) interjections between whole-word or larger syntactic units
● Linguistic in nature, formulation of a sentence
● Looking for words to explain
Formulative Fluency Breaks
Are the result of linguistic planning or uncertainty and may provide the speaker time to organize the remainder of the production
Formulative Fluency Breaks
what are motoric fluency breaks
Characterized by (a) breaks between sounds or syllables (part-word breaks), (b) obvious effort or tension (often focused in but not limited to the vocal tract), (c) pauses with a possible cessation of airflow and voicing, and (d) an excessive prolongation of sounds or syllables.
a term used to indicate how widespread a disorder is
prevalence
an index of how many people have
stuttered at some time in their lives
incidence
Characteristics at the onset of stuttering:
● Age and Gender
● Rate and Uniformity of Onset
● Stuttering-like disfluencies (SLDs)
● Clustering of disfluencies
● Awareness and reaction of the child to disfluency
Stuttering usually starts between
2 to 6 yo
Many children go through normal periods of disfluency lasting less than ___
6 mos
At what age is persistent stuttering classified as
If it persists more than 5 or 6 years old
True or False:
Stuttering begins after the early childhood years
False
Stuttering rarely begins after the early childhood years
True or False
Boys are more likely to continue stuttering than girls.
True
True or False
The nature of the fluency characteristics at onset is
closely related to the rate of onset
True
explain rate and uniformity of onset in stuttering
the onset of developmental stuttering is not necessarily gradual or uniform. The gradual and linear development of stuttering is associated with the description of primary and secondary stuttering
true or false:
Children who start stuttering at the age 3 1⁄2 later are more to dissolve stuttering.
false
Children who start stuttering at the age 31⁄2 later are more likely to continue stuttering.
Stuttering-like disfluencies are composed of three basic types of disfluencies:
○ Part-word repetitions
○ Single-syllable word repetitions
○ Disrhythmic phonations
Why are they called stuttering-like disfluencies?
SLDs are present in the onset: possible na may chance pa na mag dissolve
True or False:
normally speaking children rarely repeated a part-word repetition more than one (range of 1-3 ), the stuttering children typically repeated a portion of the word two or more times (range of 1-11).
False
normally speaking children rarely repeated a part-word repetition more than one (range of 1-2), the stuttering children typically repeated a portion of the word two or more times (range of 1-11).
True or False:
Children in the early stages of stuttering tend to repeat at a faster rate than children who do not stutter
True
this is a combination of two or different stuttering-like disfluencies
clustering of disfluencies
what is clustering of disfluencies
Two or more consecutive disfluencies that occur within the same word, on adjacent words, or on a word and an adjacent between-word interval
True or False
a child has a generally low awareness of stuttering in onset
True
More influential factors contributing to onset
Age
Gender
Twinning
Genetic Factors
Cognitive Abilities
Motor Abilities
S and L development
Response to Emotional Events
Social-communication demands at home
Less Influential Factors to the onset of stuttering
Physical development and illness
■ Ex. mga sakit that would require surgery
Culture, nationality and socioeconomic status
■ Example: change from one language to
another Bilingualism
■ Ex. Having two languages Imitation
