DEVELOPMENTAL, LEARNING, AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN STUTTERING

Question 1

DEVELOPMENTAL FACTORS

Answer 1

Physical and Motor Skill
Speech and Language Development
Cognitive Development
Social and Emotional Development

Question 2

This affect children’s fluency that assumes that in the growing child there is a competition for neural resources

Answer 2

Developmental Factors

Question 3

Concept that the brain has a limited amount of resources that can be applied to task

Answer 3

Competition for Neural Resources

Question 4

The problem of shared resources is more ______ because their immature nervous systems have less processing capacity to share

Answer 4

acute in children

Question 5

Between ages ______, children grow, their bodies get bigger and their nervous systems form new pathways and new connection

Answer 5

1 and 6 years

Question 6

may provide more “functional cerebral space” that supports fluency, but it also spurs development of other motor behaviors that may compete with fluency for available neuronal resources.

Answer 6

Neurological maturation

Question 7

T or F : The learning of motor control of speech by itself, even without acquisition of other motor skills at the same time, puts enormous demands on the child’s brain

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Most stuttering begins between ages____ , a time when children acquire new sounds and learn new words almost by the hour

Answer 8

2 and 4

Question 9

children who stutter suggest that areas of the brain used for __________ are compromised

Answer 9

Integration of articulator planning, sensory feedback, and motor execution

Question 10

planning and production of speech and language may use _______ that may be slow or inefficient

Answer 10

atypical neural pathways

Question 11

development of maladaptive learning, or development of compensatory strategies paving way to normal speech

Answer 11

Speech Traffic Jam

Question 12

T or F: speech and language delays or difficulties are more common among children who stutter than those who don’t

Answer 12

True

Question 13

may be related to stuttering because children with delayed language may become frustrated at their difficulty speaking

Answer 13

Delays in Lang Dev

Question 14

CWS develop fears related to speaking, and thus learn to stutter as an ____

Answer 14

Anticipatory Avoidance Response

Question 15

Refer to the growth of perception, attention, working memory, and executive functions that play roles in spoken language but are separate from It

Answer 15

Cognitive Development

Question 16

2 ways Cognitive Development affect stuttering:

Answer 16

Spurts in cognitive development may accompany the onset of stuttering as well as sudden increases in stuttering
As a child who stutters develops more advanced cognitive abilities, he is more likely to become aware and even self-conscious of his stuttering

Question 17

T or F: Learning to think may make great demands on cognitive-linguistic abilities, leaving fewer resources available for rapid production of fluently spoken language

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Role of Cognitive Dev:

Answer 18

important in explaining how and when a child begins to form negative attitudes and beliefs about himself/herself and his/her speech

Question 19

Between ages_______, children’s cognitions mature enough so that they internalize the standards of behavior of those around them, including peer

Answer 19

3 and 4

Question 20

Refers to effects on strong emotions on speech

Answer 20

Social and Emotional Development

Question 21

The same sort of interference by emotion may be even more prevalent in early childhood, because ?

Answer 21

a child’s speech and language neural networks and structures are immature, not fully myelinated, and may not be buffered from “cross talk,” or interference by the limbic (emotional) system structures and pathways involved in the regulation and expression of emotion.

Question 22

T or F: Lower maturing speech and language functions may not be optimally localized or adequately insulated from interference and may be closer to centers of emotion in the right hemisphere

Answer 22

True

Question 23

Many threats to feelings of security can create
emotional stress that may disrupt the speech of children who are predisposed to stutter

Answer 23

Emotional Security

Question 24

Reflects the child’s growing awareness of how he is performing relative to adult expectations

Answer 24

Self-Consciousness and Sensitivity

Question 25

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

Answer 25

1. Parents
2. Speech and Language Environment
3. Life events

Question 26

The communication style that characterizes people in a child’s environment

Answer 26

S and L environment

Question 27

Stressful Adult Speech Models

Answer 27

Rapid Speech Rate
Complex Syntax
Polysyllabic vocabulary
Use of two language in home

Question 28

Stressful Speaking Situations for Children

Answer 28

Competition for speaking
Hurried when speaking
Frequent interruptions
Frequent questions
Demand for display speech
Excited when speaking

Question 29

Happenings in a child’s life that may stress the child

Answer 29

Life Events

Question 30

the following events were among the 16 situations in which parents first noticed their child’s stuttering:

Answer 30

1. The child’s family moves to a new house, a new neighborhood, or a new city.
2. The child’s parents separate or divorce.
3. A family member dies.
4. A family member is hospitalized.
5. The child is hospitalized.
6. A parent loses his or her job.
7. A baby is born, or a child is adopted.
8. An additional person comes to live in the house.
9. One or both parents go away frequently or for a long
   period of time.
10. Holidays or visits occur, which cause a change in
    routine, excitement, or anxiety.
11. A discipline problem involving the child.

Question 31

LEARNING FACTORS

Answer 31

Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Avoidance Conditioning

Question 32

Following a behavior with a reward or punishment so that the behavior becomes more frequent (if rewarded) or less frequent (if punished).

Answer 32

Operant Condition

Question 33

occurs when a person uses a behavior to try to prevent an unpleasant occurrence by doing something

Answer 33

Avoidance Conditioning