NORMAL DISFLUENCY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF STUTTERING Flashcards
the basic speech behaviors of stuttering repetitions, prolongations and blocks (three main behaviors we have to watch out for)
Core Behavior
this will be monitored when we compare stuttering to normal disfuencies
Core Behavior
speaker’s reactions to his or her repetitions, prolongations, and blocks, in on attempt to end them quickly or avoid them altogether
Secondary Behaviors
Presence of the reaction to the core behaviors
Secondary Behaviors
Can be divided into two broad classes: escape and avoidance behaviors
Secondary Behaviors
May precipitate stutter just as stuttering precipitates _____
Feelings
a pervasive part of a person’s beliefs
Attitudes
speculations about the process that may cause disfluencies or stuttering at each developmental level.
Underlying Processes
these processes explain why symptoms may change from level to level Why stuttering often changes from borderline to beginning to intermediate to severe levels.
Underlying Processes
frequently observed among children who are just beginning to stutter and are simply a sound, syllable, or single-syllable word that is repeated several times
Repetitions
Usually the first core behavior you would observe among children who stutter.
Repetitions
In children who have not been stuttering for long, _____ and _____ are more common than multisyllable word repetitions
single-syllable word repetitions and part-word repetitions
typical dysfluency has how many repetitions?
1 repetition
CWS has how many repetitions?
2 or more repetitions
Usually appear later than repetitions although may be present at onset
Prolongations
Denote stutters in which sound or airflow continues but movement of the articulators (at a certain position) is stopped, but the airflow is continuous
Prolongation
Prolongations as short as ______ may be perceived as abnormal, but in rare cases, they may last as long as _______
half a second and several minutes
differentiate prolongations vs blocks
Prolongations = movement of articulators is stopped BUT airflow is continuous (there is still sound)
Blocks = airflow and movement of articulators stop
Occur when a person inappropriately stops the flow of air or voice and often the movement of articulators.
blocks
involve any level of the speech production mechanism - respiratory, laryngeal, or articulatory
blocks
As stuttering persists across the developmental stages, blocks ________ , and tremors may become evident (lumalala)
grow longer and more tense AND tremors may become evident (lumalala)
The individual closes off the airway, Increases air pressure behind the closure, and squeezes her muscles particularly hard
Blocks
what are the secondary behaviors?
Escape and Avoidance Behaviors
Speaker is already in the moment or in the middle of the stutter.
A speaker’s attempt to terminate a stutter and finish the word.
Escape Behaviors