CONSTITUTIONAL FACTORS IN STUTTERING Flashcards
lesson 2
it is a basic physiological tendency that is believed to contribute to personality, temperament, and the etiology of specific mental and physical disorders
constitutional factors
What are the four constitutional factors of Stuttering?
Biological, Sensory & Sensory-Motor Functions, Language, Emotional
Who established the concept of Dominant and Recessive Genes?
Gregor Mendel
Established the concept of “Survival of the Fittest,” wherein the most favorable traits are adapted and evolved.
Charles Darwin
What is an “Anomaly”?
A difference from the normal structure/function
Some researchers argued that stuttering develops in response to a ___ that has been handed down from one generation to the next.
Critical attitude toward normal disfluency
This term refers to the risk of acquiring/having the condition
Predisposition
Stuttering & certain disorders are seen as the result of ___
The interaction of the environment and hereditary factors with the element of chance thrown in
3 approaches to the study of heredity?
Family, Twin, Adoption
A study wherein the family tree is observed and the process of determining which family has more PWS than the other determines the frequency and pattern of stuttering occurence
Family Studies
A study on co-occurence of stuttering of both members of a twin pair
Twin Studies
Concordance refers to ___ and is more likely to affect __zygotic twins.
Both twins having stuttering; Monozygotic
What is the conclusion of Adoptive Studies?
Hereditary still plays a slightly stronger role than environmental
These determine various individual traits and are composed of segments of DNA
Genes
Wrapped into worm-like structures and is considered to be the “instruction book” in creating chemicals to determine characteristics
DNA
Genes associated with Stuttering
1, 7, 9, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18
These are factors that are caused by physical or psychological traumas that occur AT or NEAR birth
Congenital Factors
True or False:
White Matter tracts are more dense for people who DO NOT stutter as compared to PWS
True
True or False:
Grey Matter around the Broca’s Area are thinner for PWS
True
This brain structure provides the integration of sensory-motor of speech
Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus (SLF)
True or False:
Brain Function differences indicate slower conduction for PWS
False (Brain STRUCTURE)
PWS have greater activity in the RH during?
Fluent and Stuttering speech
Which statement is true/false?
There is a great deal of underactivation in the LH structures typically active for speech. This means that the white matter tracts in these areas are typically more denser.
1st statement is True. 2nd is False.
True or False:
PWS differ from non-stutterers in showing more activity on the right side of the brain in structures similar to those on left side active in non-stutterers
True
True or False:
PWS show more right-hemisphere activity during speech after treatment
False
True or False:
After either long-term or transitory fluency is induced, RH overactivity is reduced and left-hemisphere speech, language, and auditory areas are activated
True
Given that there is deactivation of the left auditory cortex during stuttering, the left auditory cortex is in charge of?
Sequential Differences (Duration)
Activity of the brain as it interprets information coming from senses, such as sounds arriving via the ears and the auditory nerves
Sensory Processing
The way all movement is carried out with sensory information used before, during, and after to improve the precision of movement
Sensory Motor Control
T or F:
Researchers have been hampered by
difficulties in demonstrating cause-and-effect relationships
True
T or F:
Studying stuttering does have a clear-cut
physical basis, and cause and effect can
be directly investigated
False
T or F:
Researchers have turned to indirect approaches, or descriptive rather than
experimental approaches
True
_________ research is complicated because the
differences that are found might be a result
of stuttering, not a cause of it
Indirect
PWS abnormal speech as the result of the disturbance of
feedback - normal speech depends on _________ (position &
movement), and _______ (touch) feedback
Proprioceptive and Tactile
Studies on how accurately and quickly PWS can identify and judge the duration of auditory signals, as compared to non-stutterers
Central Auditory Processing
T or F:
PWS have poorer central auditory processing, especially with regard to
temporal information
True
T or F:
PWS are less accurate at identifying under noisy conditions
True
Brainwaves of PWS may have _____ latencies and ____ amplitudes when listening to linguistically complex stimuli
Longer latencies and Lower amplitudes
Developed by Kimura (1961); simultaneously presented two different syllables (like “ba” and
“da”) dichotically - a different syllable to each ear
Dichotic Listening Test
T or F:
Auditory nerves connecting the ears to the cerebral hemispheres carry
more information to the hemisphere on the opposite side than on the
same side
True
In normal speakers, syllables presented to the _____ ear were most
frequently reported as heard
Right
T or F:
In PWS, they have less right-ear/left-hemisphere advantage.
True
Dichotic Listening Test is used to assessed ______ between PWS and non-stuttering groups
laterality
Most dichotic studies that used linguistic
stimuli such as words and sentences, reported that PWS have ____________ for perception of speech
reveresed hemispheric dominance
Ancient Greek who stutters, who, improved his speech by orating
above the roar of the Mediterranean sea
Demosthenes
T or F:
Delayed feedback can create an artificial stutter for a normal speaker
True
Fluent speech depends on the __________ of the muscles
that move speech structures to produce airflow, voicing, and
articulation in a coordinated fashion
sensory-motor control
stuttered speech is caused by a ________ in the smooth, sequenced
muscle contractions necessary for coordinated structural movements
disruption
When the brain plans the movements needed to produce sounds:
1) _______
2) _______
1) uses stored memories of past movements and their consequences in planning what must be moved (muscle memory)
2) when and how to produce the desired acoustic and perceptual
result
the participant is asked to watch the computer screen for a picture of an object and to say its name the moment it appears
Reaction Time Experiment
The time between the
appearance of the object on the screen and the first sound or movement made by the participant
Reaction Time
Reaction Time involves (3): _____, ______, and _______.
Sensory analysis, Response planning, and
Response execution
Subjects hears signal, sees image on screen, senses the position of speech structures and tension of muscles
Sensory Analysis
Subject chooses word to say, selects phonemes and muscles to use
Response Planning
Subject activates muscles in proper sequence to say “bicycle”
Response Execution
Differences were more significantly found when using ____________ to test reaction time
linguistically
meaningful stimuli
T or F:
Normal Speakers have slower speech movements and sometimes have abnormal sequencing in the movement of their
articulators
False
Researchers found more direct assessments of speech processing by
_________________ of PWS’
speech movements
when they are talking fluently and by _________ of
their fluent speech
Examining the speed and coordination (1) and analyzing the sound waves (2)
In complex motor coordination, such as sequential finger movements,
appears to be planned and organized by areas of the brain, such
as the _______ , which is also involved in the sequential articulatory movements of speech
Supplementary motor area (SMA)
T or F:
RH activity may interfere with stutterer’s
dominant (right)-hand sequential finger tapping, which requires
input from the LH
True
What are the three language factors?
language development
language delays
language complexity
The rapid language acquisition that occurs in all children between
the __________ places high demands on brain resources
ages 2 and 5
T or F:
stuttering usually begins at the very time when language growth is
greatest
True
Language delays or disorders may precipitate or worsen the stuttering because they deal with
two deficits: _____ and _______
speech motor control
language problem
Production of speech disfluencies - revisions, hesitations
caused by difficulties in ___________
encoding & retrieving lexical items
stuttering is influenced by linguistic factors such as _________(1), length (2), and ____________ (3)
lexical class
of word (1), location in a sentence (3)
T or F:
Certain grammatical word types (e.g. nouns and verbs), longer
words, and words at the end of an utterance are more
likely to be stuttered
False (start of an utterance)
T or F:
Emotional arousal may cause stuttering, but stuttering may not cause
emotional arousal
False
Generally describes a state of alert concern about a future event
Anxiety
Denotes activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which
prepares the body for action such as fight-or-flight response
Autonomic arousal
Aspects of indiidual’s personality, such as sensitive versus thickskinned, that are thought to be innate, rather than learned
Temperament
T or F:
Sensitivity may influence physical tension
True
