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FLUENCY > CONSTITUTIONAL FACTORS IN STUTTERING > Flashcards

CONSTITUTIONAL FACTORS IN STUTTERING Flashcards

lesson 2

1
Q

it is a basic physiological tendency that is believed to contribute to personality, temperament, and the etiology of specific mental and physical disorders

A

constitutional factors

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2
Q

What are the four constitutional factors of Stuttering?

A

Biological, Sensory & Sensory-Motor Functions, Language, Emotional

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3
Q

Who established the concept of Dominant and Recessive Genes?

A

Gregor Mendel

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4
Q

Established the concept of “Survival of the Fittest,” wherein the most favorable traits are adapted and evolved.

A

Charles Darwin

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5
Q

What is an “Anomaly”?

A

A difference from the normal structure/function

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6
Q

Some researchers argued that stuttering develops in response to a ___ that has been handed down from one generation to the next.

A

Critical attitude toward normal disfluency

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7
Q

This term refers to the risk of acquiring/having the condition

A

Predisposition

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8
Q

Stuttering & certain disorders are seen as the result of ___

A

The interaction of the environment and hereditary factors with the element of chance thrown in

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9
Q

3 approaches to the study of heredity?

A

Family, Twin, Adoption

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10
Q

A study wherein the family tree is observed and the process of determining which family has more PWS than the other determines the frequency and pattern of stuttering occurence

A

Family Studies

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11
Q

A study on co-occurence of stuttering of both members of a twin pair

A

Twin Studies

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12
Q

Concordance refers to ___ and is more likely to affect __zygotic twins.

A

Both twins having stuttering; Monozygotic

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13
Q

What is the conclusion of Adoptive Studies?

A

Hereditary still plays a slightly stronger role than environmental

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14
Q

These determine various individual traits and are composed of segments of DNA

A

Genes

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15
Q

Wrapped into worm-like structures and is considered to be the “instruction book” in creating chemicals to determine characteristics

A

DNA

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16
Q

Genes associated with Stuttering

A

1, 7, 9, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18

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17
Q

These are factors that are caused by physical or psychological traumas that occur AT or NEAR birth

A

Congenital Factors

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18
Q

True or False:
White Matter tracts are more dense for people who DO NOT stutter as compared to PWS

A

True

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19
Q

True or False:
Grey Matter around the Broca’s Area are thinner for PWS

A

True

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20
Q

This brain structure provides the integration of sensory-motor of speech

A

Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus (SLF)

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21
Q

True or False:
Brain Function differences indicate slower conduction for PWS

A

False (Brain STRUCTURE)

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22
Q

PWS have greater activity in the RH during?

A

Fluent and Stuttering speech

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23
Q

Which statement is true/false?

There is a great deal of underactivation in the LH structures typically active for speech. This means that the white matter tracts in these areas are typically more denser.

A

1st statement is True. 2nd is False.

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24
Q

True or False:
PWS differ from non-stutterers in showing more activity on the right side of the brain in structures similar to those on left side active in non-stutterers

A

True

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25
Q

True or False:
PWS show more right-hemisphere activity during speech after treatment

A

False

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26
Q

True or False:
After either long-term or transitory fluency is induced, RH overactivity is reduced and left-hemisphere speech, language, and auditory areas are activated

A

True

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27
Q

Given that there is deactivation of the left auditory cortex during stuttering, the left auditory cortex is in charge of?

A

Sequential Differences (Duration)

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28
Q

Activity of the brain as it interprets information coming from senses, such as sounds arriving via the ears and the auditory nerves

A

Sensory Processing

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29
Q

The way all movement is carried out with sensory information used before, during, and after to improve the precision of movement

A

Sensory Motor Control

30
Q

T or F:
Researchers have been hampered by
difficulties in demonstrating cause-and-effect relationships

A

True

31
Q

T or F:
Studying stuttering does have a clear-cut
physical basis, and cause and effect can
be directly investigated

A

False

32
Q

T or F:
Researchers have turned to indirect approaches, or descriptive rather than
experimental approaches

A

True

33
Q

_________ research is complicated because the
differences that are found might be a result
of stuttering, not a cause of it

A

Indirect

34
Q

PWS abnormal speech as the result of the disturbance of
feedback - normal speech depends on _________ (position &
movement), and _______ (touch) feedback

A

Proprioceptive and Tactile

35
Q

Studies on how accurately and quickly PWS can identify and judge the duration of auditory signals, as compared to non-stutterers

A

Central Auditory Processing

36
Q

T or F:
PWS have poorer central auditory processing, especially with regard to
temporal information

A

True

37
Q

T or F:
PWS are less accurate at identifying under noisy conditions

A

True

38
Q

Brainwaves of PWS may have _____ latencies and ____ amplitudes when listening to linguistically complex stimuli

A

Longer latencies and Lower amplitudes

39
Q

Developed by Kimura (1961); simultaneously presented two different syllables (like “ba” and
“da”) dichotically - a different syllable to each ear

A

Dichotic Listening Test

40
Q

T or F:
Auditory nerves connecting the ears to the cerebral hemispheres carry
more information to the hemisphere on the opposite side than on the
same side

A

True

41
Q

In normal speakers, syllables presented to the _____ ear were most
frequently reported as heard

A

Right

42
Q

T or F:
In PWS, they have less right-ear/left-hemisphere advantage.

A

True

43
Q

Dichotic Listening Test is used to assessed ______ between PWS and non-stuttering groups

A

laterality

44
Q

Most dichotic studies that used linguistic
stimuli such as words and sentences, reported that PWS have ____________ for perception of speech

A

reveresed hemispheric dominance

45
Q

Ancient Greek who stutters, who, improved his speech by orating
above the roar of the Mediterranean sea

A

Demosthenes

46
Q

T or F:
Delayed feedback can create an artificial stutter for a normal speaker

A

True

47
Q

Fluent speech depends on the __________ of the muscles
that move speech structures to produce airflow, voicing, and
articulation in a coordinated fashion

A

sensory-motor control

48
Q

stuttered speech is caused by a ________ in the smooth, sequenced
muscle contractions necessary for coordinated structural movements

A

disruption

49
Q

When the brain plans the movements needed to produce sounds:
1) _______
2) _______

A

1) uses stored memories of past movements and their consequences in planning what must be moved (muscle memory)
2) when and how to produce the desired acoustic and perceptual
result

50
Q

the participant is asked to watch the computer screen for a picture of an object and to say its name the moment it appears

A

Reaction Time Experiment

51
Q

The time between the
appearance of the object on the screen and the first sound or movement made by the participant

A

Reaction Time

52
Q

Reaction Time involves (3): _____, ______, and _______.

A

Sensory analysis, Response planning, and
Response execution

53
Q

Subjects hears signal, sees image on screen, senses the position of speech structures and tension of muscles

A

Sensory Analysis

54
Q

Subject chooses word to say, selects phonemes and muscles to use

A

Response Planning

55
Q

Subject activates muscles in proper sequence to say “bicycle”

A

Response Execution

56
Q

Differences were more significantly found when using ____________ to test reaction time

A

linguistically
meaningful stimuli

57
Q

T or F:
Normal Speakers have slower speech movements and sometimes have abnormal sequencing in the movement of their
articulators

A

False

58
Q

Researchers found more direct assessments of speech processing by
_________________ of PWS’
speech movements
when they are talking fluently and by _________ of
their fluent speech

A

Examining the speed and coordination (1) and analyzing the sound waves (2)

59
Q

In complex motor coordination, such as sequential finger movements,
appears to be planned and organized by areas of the brain, such
as the _______ , which is also involved in the sequential articulatory movements of speech

A

Supplementary motor area (SMA)

60
Q

T or F:
RH activity may interfere with stutterer’s
dominant (right)-hand sequential finger tapping, which requires
input from the LH

A

True

61
Q

What are the three language factors?

A

language development
language delays
language complexity

62
Q

The rapid language acquisition that occurs in all children between
the __________ places high demands on brain resources

A

ages 2 and 5

63
Q

T or F:
stuttering usually begins at the very time when language growth is
greatest

A

True

64
Q

Language delays or disorders may precipitate or worsen the stuttering because they deal with
two deficits: _____ and _______

A

speech motor control
language problem

65
Q

Production of speech disfluencies - revisions, hesitations
caused by difficulties in ___________

A

encoding & retrieving lexical items

66
Q

stuttering is influenced by linguistic factors such as _________(1), length (2), and ____________ (3)

A

lexical class
of word (1), location in a sentence (3)

67
Q

T or F:
Certain grammatical word types (e.g. nouns and verbs), longer
words, and words at the end of an utterance are more
likely to be stuttered

A

False (start of an utterance)

68
Q

T or F:
Emotional arousal may cause stuttering, but stuttering may not cause
emotional arousal

A

False

69
Q

Generally describes a state of alert concern about a future event

A

Anxiety

70
Q

Denotes activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which
prepares the body for action such as fight-or-flight response

A

Autonomic arousal

71
Q

Aspects of indiidual’s personality, such as sensitive versus thickskinned, that are thought to be innate, rather than learned

A

Temperament

72
Q

T or F:
Sensitivity may influence physical tension

A

True

FLUENCY (5 decks)

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