theories of skill acquisition Flashcards
linear approaches to learning
- high volume of practice trials
- lots of drills and repetition
- absence of a simulated game environment
- reliant on a coach
- fewer movement solutions
non-linear approaches to learning
- practice mimics how the movement skill could be performed in an actual game (representativeness)
- task simplification
- informational contraints: focused on the outcome
- variability in practice
- greater retention of skills
direct instruction (linear) characteristics
- instructor led, coach centred
- develop explicit steps to learning a new skill
- ensure mastery at each stage
- specific feedback
- adequate practice
direct instruction (linear) advantages
- learner is aware they are learning the skill
- quick and easy to implement
- maximize practice time
- facilitates rapid early learning
direct instruction (linear) disadvantages
- learners are forced to pay conscious attention to the skill (they may overthink and perform worse)
- harder to perform under pressure
constraints based approach (non-linear) characteristics
- learner-centered
- coach as facilitator
- questioning the learner, not telling them directly what to do
- exploration of movement context
- generation of knowledge
constraints based approach (non-linear) advantages
- practice mimics the game environment
- variability of practice
- implicit learning occurs
- movement and problem solving
- promotes independent learning
constraints based approach (non-linear) disadvantages
- coach familiarity with how to structure sessions
- can be time consuming
- level of comfort for the coach to relinquish control
factors that influence skill development
- individual
- environmental
- task
individual constraints
- physical characteristics
- fitness levels
- psychological and behavioural characteristics
- perpetual, decision-making and tactical knowledge
- technical skill
environmental constraints
- weather conditons
- gravity
- natural light
- sounds
- playing surface
task constraints
- rules
- player numbers
- goals (size)
- equipment
practice strategies
- type
- distribution
- variability
type of practice
- part
- whole
part practice
- learning small skills slowly
- learning smaller parts of the skill that leads up to the whole larger skill
whole practice
- learning the whole skill all at once
practice distribution
- massed
- distributed
massed
fewer, longer sessions with shorter breaks
distributed
more short sessions with longer breaks
practice variability
- blocked
- random
blocked
practicing the same skill over and over again to perfection
random
practicing lots of skills in different orders
simulates more of a game environment
feedback
- intrinsic (internal)
- augmented (external)
intrinsic (internal) feeback)
sensory information that you receive directly from skill execution
- visual (seeing)
- auditory (hearing)
- proprioception (being able to feel where your body is and how the movement feels)
- touch (physically feeling the skill)
augmented (external) feedback
- knowledge of results
statistics, knowing exactly how much you’ve improved - knowledge of performance
how well you actually perform the skills, techniques and improvements
