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CFIP > Theories Of Offending > Flashcards

Theories Of Offending Flashcards

1
Q

Psychobiological theories

A

Lombroso

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2
Q

Lombroso

A

He examined the individual rather than working on the crime alone

  • criminals are born and not made
  • role of environment was minimal in shaping behaviour
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3
Q

Criticism

A
  • lacks explanatory power, needs further consideration or social and environmental factors
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4
Q

What sets the potential for future behaviour?

A

Normal genetic variability

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5
Q

Family studies

A

Criminal behaviour runs in families

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6
Q

Rowe and osgood (1984)

A

Looked at the importance of genetic, environment and individual factors on self reported delinquency

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7
Q

Development of antisocial behaviour

A

Risk factors in childhood can predict antisocial behaviour in adults
- biological, behavioural and social indicators

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8
Q

Longitudinal studies

A
  • data collected at different ages/points
  • same individuals involved
  • data collected from different sources
  • use follow up period
  • minimum 5 year follow up
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9
Q

Farmington and West (1990) - The Cambridge Study

A
  • longitudinal study of 411 London males aged 8-48
  • 20% had acquired convictions by age 17
  • 33% by age 25
  • 77% of those convicted as juveniles reconvicted between 17-24 and 45% at 25-34
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10
Q

Common characteristics: childhood

A
  • troublesome
  • dishonest
  • came from poor larger families
  • more likely to have criminal parents
  • experienced family conflict
  • experiences harsh/ erratic discipline off parents
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11
Q

Age 10

A

Identified as hyperactive
Impulsive
Unpopular rated low intelligence

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12
Q

age 14

A

Aggressive

Had delinquent friends

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13
Q

Age 18

A

Drank more
Smoked more
Gambled
Associated with gangs

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14
Q

Age 32

A

Poorer housing
Marital break up
Psychiatric disorder
Problem with own children

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15
Q

Key protective factors

A
  1. high iQ
  2. low impulsiveness
  3. good parenting
  4. greater school enjoyment
  5. pro-social peer group
  6. balanced parental discipline
  7. good employment
  8. good marriage
  9. parental interest in education
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16
Q

Risk factors for conduct disorder and delinquency - Murray and Farmington (2010)

A
  • low intelligence
  • poor parental supervision
  • large family
  • criminality in family
  • child physical abuse
  • antisocial peers/parents
  • erratic parenting
  • substance use
  • low school attendance
  • parental conflict
  • low family income
  • high crime neighbourhood
  • high delinquency rate schools
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17
Q

Why is knowing risk and protective family’s relevant?

A
  • leads to early identification at risk of young people
  • gives direction on what can work
  • suggests ways we can work to strengthen and protect young people
  • helps us in the development of theories
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18
Q

Personality theories

A

Eysenck

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19
Q

Eysenck

A

Child socialisation occurs through the process of conditioning
- the association of anti-social behaviour with unpleasant punishment

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20
Q

What does an individuals conditionability depend on?

A

An individuals personality

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21
Q

Child develops a conscience..

A

In a way that prevents them from behaving in an anti social way

22
Q

How does personality affect behaviour?

A

Through it’s effect on development of a conscience to control behaviour

23
Q

Roberts and del Vecchio (2000)

A

Behaviour is consistent over time

24
Q

How did Eysenck view offending?

A

As natural - humans sought pleasure and avoided pain

  • not everyone offended as due to their conscience, which was viewed as a conditioned fear response
  • conscience built up in childhood as caregivers would disapprove
25
Q

What does this theory consider?

A

Those who commit offences have not built up strong consciences, because of poor conditionability

26
Q

Extraversion

A
  • people with high E are cortically under aroused
27
Q

Who conditions more

A

Extraverts condition less effectively than introverts

28
Q

Neuroticism

A
  • unstable ANS so strong reactions to unpleasant environmental stimuli
29
Q

Conditioning?

A

High N individuals condition less effectively then those with low N

30
Q

Psychoticism

A 
Preference for solitude 
Sensation seeking 
Callousness 
Aggression 
Lack of empathy
31
Q

Likely offenders?

A
  • high E/N - will be less likely to control anti social behaviour
  • predicted they are over representated In offender populations
32
Q

Strengths?

A
  • attempts to integrate biological, psychological and environmental factors
33
Q

Criticisms?

A

Theory is unlikely to apply to all offenders, lacks explanatory power
- lack of empirical evidence for conditonability and socialisation

34
Q

Learning theories

A

Criminal behaviour is learnt

35
Q

SLT

A
  • learned behaviour or failure of socialisation process
36
Q

Differential association theory

A
  • emphasis on the type of peer group/environment in which crime frequently occurs
  • learning is through association of others
  • main part of learning takes place within close personal groups
  • people learn: crime techniques, motives, attitudes
37
Q

Strength?

A

Has provided foundation for successive theories

38
Q

Weakness?

A
  • only accounts for the acquisition of criminal tendencies and not their maintenance or performance
39
Q

Bandura - modelling

A

Learning can occur through observing others

40
Q

Models for behaviour?

A

Friends
Family
Subculture

41
Q

Patterson (1982)/ Patterson et al. (1992)

A
  • focused on ideas of coercion, based on systematic observations of interactions between parents and children
42
Q

Parents of anti social children?

A
  • failed to set expectations of behaviour
  • failed to monitor their behaviour to ensure it was desirable
  • failed to enforce rules promptly and consistently
  • used more punishment
43
Q

Coercive families

A
  • if a parent behaves coercive towards a child and the child reacts by yelling and the parent stops being coercive then the child learns that to use hostile reactions to terminate hostile situations
  • coercive families create coercive children
44
Q

Attachment theory

A

Infants develop a set of expectations about future interactions, based on prior experiences of interactions with a particular figure

45
Q

AT and offending?

A

Disruption of attachment bonds between mother and child is significant in later deviance

  • they have problems forming relationships with partners, children and peers
  • likely to be susceptible to influences outside the family
46
Q

Absense of sharing and communication?

A

Parents fail to transmit normative values and problem solving skills to their own children

47
Q

A defence against painful feelings of dependency and powerlessness…

A

Is hostility and a lack of anxiety

48
Q

Cognitive revolution - Ross and Fabiano (1985)

A

Ds

49
Q

Life course persistence

A

Bb

50
Q

Moral reasoning theory

A

How an individual justifies their behaviour in respect of moral issues

  • offenders are believed to possess specific types of values which are supportive of criminal conduct
  • offending is associated with a delay in the development of moral reasoning
51
Q

Kohlbergs theory (1981)

A
  • offenders typically show immature reasoning reflective of stages 1 and 2

CFIP (17 decks)

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