Theories Of Motor Learning Flashcards
This theory suggests a way for the CNS to initiate a movement without sensory stimulation, but then assumes that sensory feedback will guide the rest of the movement:
Adam’s theory
This theory hypothesized that, in motor learning, sensory feedback from the ongoing movement is compared within the nervous system with the stored memory of the intended movement
Adam’s Closed Loop Theory
What is the difference between learning and performance?
learning, defined as a relatively permanent change, has been distinguished from performance, defined as a temporary change in motor behavior seen during practice sessions.
According to Adam’s Closed Loop Theory, which are the two types of memory important in the process of learning?
- Memory trace: Modest motor program used for initiation of movement
- Perceptual trace: detects error after movement is initiated. Represents correct response or position of limb (Reference of Correctness)
What are the 2 of the limitations in Adam’s Closed Loop Theory?
- Variability may improve motor performance
- Novel movements, or open-loop movements in the absence of sensory feedback
This theory proposes that the individual learns a generalized motor program that can be applied to a variety of contexts:
Schmidt’s Schema Theory
Schmidt schema theory proposed that, after an individual makes a movement, four things are available for brief storage in short-term memory:
- the initial movement conditions, such as the position of the body and the weight of the object manipulated
- the parameters used in the generalized motor program;
- the outcome of the movement, in terms of knowledge of results (KR); and
- the sensory consequences of the movement— that is, how it felt, looked, and sounded.
(This information is stored in short-term memory only long enough to be abstracted into two schemas, the recall schema (motor) and a recognition schema (sensory))
Initial conditions; parameters; outcome; and sensory consequences information is stored in short-term memory only long enough to be abstracted into 2 schemas:
- Recall schema (motor): Used to select a specific response. The initial conditions and desired goal are inputs to the recall schema.
- Recognition schema (sensory): used to evaluate the response. With the recognition schema rule, the person can determine the expected sensory consequences.
According to Schmidt’s Schema Theory, if a patient is learning a new movement such as reaching for a glass of milk, optimal learning will occur practicing in which way?
- Under many different conditions: using a variety of glasses and cups to help the patient develop a set of rules for reaching (schema), which could be applied when reaching a variety of glasses.
Which theory of motor learning suggests that learning is a process that increases the coordination between perception and action consistent with the task and environmental constraints?
Ecological theory (Newel, 1991)
Which theory of motor learning explores how perceptions and action interact within the task? Find optimal perceptual-motor task solution?
Ecological Theory (Newell, 1991)
Which theory hypothesized that in motor learning, sensory feedback from ongoing movement is compared within the nervous system with the store memory of the intended movement?
Adam’s Closed Loop Theory
What are the 3 stages of Fitts and Posner Three-Stage Model of motor learning?
- Cognitive: requires high degree of cognitive activity, and attention!
- Associative: best strategy identified, refines the skill. Less variability. Verbal cues less important. Slower improvements.
- Autonomous: consistent, automatic performance; low degree of attention; can focus on secondary skills
Which theory of motor learning comes from Bernstein’s work?
Systems Three-Stage Model
What is the emphasis in Systems Three-Stage Model?
In controlling the degrees of freedom of the body segments.
