Forms Of Learning And Memory Flashcards
Declarative (explicit) learning involves 4 steps in processing information:
- Encoding
- Consolidation
- Storage
- Retrieval
What type of learning/memory results in knowledge that can be consciously recalled ?
Declarative learning / explicit
What type of learning/memory develops slowly through repetition of an action over and over ?
Procedural learning / implicit
Motor skill learning is characterized by which 4 factors?
- -Improvement
- -Consistency
- -Persistence
- -Adaptability
What is HABITUATION?
Decrease in responsiveness as a result of repeated exposure to a stimulus
What is SENSITIZATION?
Increased responsiveness to a threatening or noxious stimulus
Break down, “understand,” and monitor a skill (have patient verbally repeat proper technique for stair negotiation) uses what type of learning?
Declarative learning
What type of learning uses repeated practice to make a complex behavioral sequence automatic (proper way to walk with a cane)
Procedural learning
Short-term Declarative Learning shows an increased activation in which parts of the CNS?
of hippocampus and prefrontal cx
Long-term procedural learning shows structural changes in which parts of the CNS?
in putamen, cerebellum
Long-term declarative learning shows structural changes in which parts of the brain?
In temporal Hippocampus
Short-term procedural learning shows increase activation of which part of the CNS?
Motor pathways
Forms of learning include:
-
nondeclarative or implicit learning:
- infer by observing changes in performance
- nonassociative, associative, and procedural
-
declarative or explicit learning:
- facts and events
- encoding, consolidation, storage, retrieval
Nondeclarative (implicit) learning can be divided into:
- nonassociative learning (habituation and sensitization)
- associative learning (classical and operant conditioning)
- procedural learning (skills and habits)
Nonassociative learning occurs when…?
animals are given a single stimulus repeatedly. As a result, the nervous system learns about the characteristics of that stimulus: habituation and sensitisation
True or false: Changes due to such factors as sensory adaptation, fatigue, or injury do not qualify as non-associative learning.
True
What are the types of non-associative learning?
- Habituation: a reduction in the strength of response to a stimulus across repeated presentations.
- Sensitization: an increase in the strength of response to a stimulus across repeated presentations
When a person learns to predict relationships, either relationships of one stimulus to another (classical conditioning) or the relationship of one’s behavior to a consequence (operant conditioning) this is what type of learning?
Associative learning
Remember that in implicit forms of learning, especially nonassociative learning, the person is learning about the properties of a stimulus that is repeated. The learned suppression of a response to a nonnoxious stimulus is called?
“habituation.” In contrast, an increased response to one stimulus that is consistently preceded by a noxious stimulus is called “sensitization.”
In habituation, during the course of learning, continued presentation of the stimulus (long-term memory) results in structural changes in the sensory cells themselves. Structural changes include:
a decrease in the number of synaptic connections between the sensory neuron and interneurons and motor neurons
True or false: habituation exercises are given to patients who have certain types of inner ear disorders that result in reports of dizziness when they move their head in certain ways.
True
True or false: During habituation, there is a reduction in the amplitude of synaptic potentials (a decreased excitatory postsynaptic potential [EPSP]) produced by the sensory neuron on the interneuron and motor neuron. During initial stages of learning, the decreased size of the EPSP may last for only several minutes.
True
True or false: sensitization and habituation may be short or long term.
True
True or false: the same synapse can participate in both habituation and sensitization.
True. -with synaptic efficacy being depressed in one situation and enhanced in another, since the different types of learning use different cellular mechanisms
Short-term sensitization involves…
increased amount of neurotransmitter released by sensory neurons
Short-term habituation involves:
decreased amplitude of EPSP’s (excitatory postsynaptic potentials) by sensory neurons
What are the mechanisms of long-term habituation?
reduced number of synapses
What are the mechanisms of long-term sensizitation?
increased number of dendrites or of active zones at existing synapses
a lesion to medial temporal lobe….:
profound loss of the ability to remember factual knowledge (declarative or explicit memory)
What is the difference between learning and memory?
memory is the product of the learning process
