Forms Of Learning And Memory

Question 1

Declarative (explicit) learning involves 4 steps in processing information:

Answer 1

1. Encoding
2. Consolidation
3. Storage
4. Retrieval

Question 2

What type of learning/memory results in knowledge that can be consciously recalled ?

Answer 2

Declarative learning / explicit

Question 3

What type of learning/memory develops slowly through repetition of an action over and over ?

Answer 3

Procedural learning / implicit

Question 4

Motor skill learning is characterized by which 4 factors?

Answer 4

1. -Improvement
2. -Consistency
3. -Persistence
4. -Adaptability

Question 5

What is HABITUATION?

Answer 5

Decrease in responsiveness as a result of repeated exposure to a stimulus

Question 6

What is SENSITIZATION?

Answer 6

Increased responsiveness to a threatening or noxious stimulus

Question 7

Break down, “understand,” and monitor a skill (have patient verbally repeat proper technique for stair negotiation) uses what type of learning?

Answer 7

Declarative learning

Question 8

What type of learning uses repeated practice to make a complex behavioral sequence automatic (proper way to walk with a cane)

Answer 8

Procedural learning

Question 9

Short-term Declarative Learning shows an increased activation in which parts of the CNS?

Answer 9

of hippocampus and prefrontal cx

Question 10

Long-term procedural learning shows structural changes in which parts of the CNS?

Answer 10

in putamen, cerebellum

Question 11

Long-term declarative learning shows structural changes in which parts of the brain?

Answer 11

In temporal Hippocampus

Question 12

Short-term procedural learning shows increase activation of which part of the CNS?

Answer 12

Motor pathways

Question 13

Forms of learning include:

Answer 13

1. nondeclarative or implicit learning:
   
   • infer by observing changes in performance​​​
   • nonassociative, associative, and procedural
2. declarative or explicit learning:
   
   • ​​​facts and events
   • encoding, consolidation, storage, retrieval

Question 14

Nondeclarative (implicit) learning can be divided into:

Answer 14

1. nonassociative learning (habituation and sensitization)
2. associative learning (classical and operant conditioning)
3. procedural learning (skills and habits)

Question 15

Nonassociative learning occurs when…?

Answer 15

animals are given a single stimulus repeatedly. As a result, the nervous system learns about the characteristics of that stimulus: habituation and sensitisation

Question 16

True or false: Changes due to such factors as sensory adaptation, fatigue, or injury do not qualify as non-associative learning.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

What are the types of non-associative learning?

Answer 17

1. Habituation: a reduction in the strength of response to a stimulus across repeated presentations.
2. Sensitization: an increase in the strength of response to a stimulus across repeated presentations

Question 18

When a person learns to predict relationships, either relationships of one stimulus to another (classical conditioning) or the relationship of one’s behavior to a consequence (operant conditioning) this is what type of learning?

Answer 18

Associative learning

Question 19

Remember that in implicit forms of learning, especially nonassociative learning, the person is learning about the properties of a stimulus that is repeated. The learned suppression of a response to a nonnoxious stimulus is called?

Answer 19

“habituation.” In contrast, an increased response to one stimulus that is consistently preceded by a noxious stimulus is called “sensitization.”

Question 20

In habituation, during the course of learning, continued presentation of the stimulus (long-term memory) results in structural changes in the sensory cells themselves. Structural changes include:

Answer 20

a decrease in the number of synaptic connections between the sensory neuron and interneurons and motor neurons

Question 21

True or false: habituation exercises are given to patients who have certain types of inner ear disorders that result in reports of dizziness when they move their head in certain ways.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

True or false: During habituation, there is a reduction in the amplitude of synaptic potentials (a decreased excitatory postsynaptic potential [EPSP]) produced by the sensory neuron on the interneuron and motor neuron. During initial stages of learning, the decreased size of the EPSP may last for only several minutes.

Answer 22

True

Question 23

True or false: sensitization and habituation may be short or long term.

Answer 23

True

Question 24

True or false: the same synapse can participate in both habituation and sensitization.

Answer 24

True. -with synaptic efficacy being depressed in one situation and enhanced in another, since the different types of learning use different cellular mechanisms

Question 25

Short-term sensitization involves…

Answer 25

increased amount of neurotransmitter released by sensory neurons

Question 26

Short-term habituation involves:

Answer 26

decreased amplitude of EPSP’s (excitatory postsynaptic potentials) by sensory neurons

Question 27

What are the mechanisms of long-term habituation?

Answer 27

reduced number of synapses

Question 28

What are the mechanisms of long-term sensizitation?

Answer 28

increased number of dendrites or of active zones at existing synapses

Question 29

a lesion to medial temporal lobe….:

Answer 29

profound loss of the ability to remember factual knowledge (declarative or explicit memory)

Question 30

What is the difference between learning and memory?

Answer 30

memory is the product of the learning process