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MOVEMENT ANALYSIS III > Neural Plasticity > Flashcards

Neural Plasticity Flashcards

1
Q

Can neural plasticity after injury be DAMAGING?

A

Yes:

(Indirect) additional damage may occur far from the primary site of injury due to changes in neural activity related to that site

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2
Q

Mechanisms underlying recovery of function after neural injury have been categorized as either:

A
  • *– Damaging (indirect)** additional damage may occur far from the primary site of injury due to changes in neural activity related to that site
  • *– Restorative (direct)** mechanisms of recovery of function
  • *– Compensatory (indirect)** mechanisms of recovery of function
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3
Q

Compensatory neural reorganization can include:

A

both function-enabling and function-disabling plasticity

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4
Q

Examples of function-disabling plasticity include:

A

changes in cortical representation associated with disuse that reduce motor capabilities and phantom limb sensation after amputation that is attributed to cortical reorganization and sensory-disabling plasticity.

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5
Q

What is a cerebral edema?

A
  • Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the cerebrum
  • Can result in blocking of axon, causing NEURAL SHOCK
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6
Q

What is a CYTOTOXIC cerebral edema?

A

Accumulation of intracellular fluid. (swelling of the individual cells)

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7
Q

What is a VASOGENIC EDEMA?

A

Leakage of proteins and fluid from damaged blood vessels

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8
Q

Plasticity occurs at many levels, including the:

A
  • -Brain level (glial and vascular support).
  • -Network level (changes in patterns of neural activation and cortical remapping)
  • -Intercellular level (changes between neurons at the synaptic level, including synaptic sprouting)
  • -Intracellular level (mitochondrial and ribosomal function).
  • -Biochemical level (protein conformation, enzyme mobilization).
  • -Genetic level (transcription, translation, and posttranslation modifications)
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9
Q

True or False: Aerobic exercise alone does not induce neuroplasticity but rather promotes the development of a neural environment that is supportive of plasticity

A

True

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10
Q

What are the direct effects of exercise in Neuroplasticity?

A
  • Increase Neurotropic growth factors (BDNF)
  • Increase neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin
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11
Q

What are the INDIRECT effects of exercise in Neuroplasticity?

A
  • Increases physical fitness
  • Increases cerebral blood flow
  • Decreases systemic and CNS inflammation
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12
Q

One of the first events following nervous system injury is

A

diaschisis

a transient CNS disorder involving loss of function in a structurally intact brain area because of loss of input from an anatomically connected injured area of the brain

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13
Q

Early TRANSIENT events following injury within the CNS are?

A
  • Edema, Neural shock, Resolution of edema and synaptic effectiveness
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14
Q

What are the secondary disruptions due to CNS injury?

A

Orthograde degeneration, Retrograde degeneration

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15
Q
  • Denervation supersensitivity
  • Recruitment (unmasking) of silent synapses
  • Synaptic hypereffectiveness
  • Neural regeneration (regenerative synaptogenesis)
  • Collateral sprouting (reactive synaptogenesis)

Are examples of what?

A

Intercellular recovery mechanisms

restorative neuroplasticity

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16
Q

Changes in cortical mapping include?

A
  • Following peripheral lesions: after amputations
  • Following central lesions
  • Ipsilateral (uncrossed) motor pathways contribution
  • Cerebellar contribution
17
Q

What is diaschisis?

A

Secondary disruption due to injury. Affects neural processes far from the primary site of injury due to loss of input from an anatomically connected injured area of the brain

18
Q

Diaschisis can be caused by…?

A
  • Edema
  • Reduced blood supply
  • Reduced metabolism
19
Q

When the postsynaptic membrane becomes more sensitive to reduced supply of neurotransmitters?

A

Denervation Supersensitivity

20
Q

True or false. Denervation supersensitivity occurs only when a critical number of neurons have been destroyed.

A

True. In PD occurs when at least 90% of the nerve fibers in the substantia nigra are gone.

21
Q

unmasking silent synapses is facilitated by

A

– Injury, experiences, or drugs (amphetamines)

22
Q

Neural regeneration (Regenerative Synaptogenesis) may grow at what rate?

A

May grow at rate of several mm/day, 1 inch per month

23
Q

Can Neural regeneration (Regenerative Synaptogenesis) develop connections at an inappropriate destination?

A

Yes

24
Q

Side branches may innervate synapses at sites previously activated by the injured axons:

A

Collateral sprouting (Reactive Synaptogenesis)

25
Q

Is Cortical remapping experience-dependent?

A

Yep

26
Q

Changes in Cortical Mapping occurs following …

A

– Peripheral nerve lesions – Amputation – Prolonged immobilization

27
Q

Primary motor cortex lesions result in activation of which secondary motor areas?

A

activation of secondary motor areas: • Premotor and supplementary motor cortex • Cingulate cortex

28
Q

True or false: evidence suggests use of contralesional cortex may impede recovery of the ipsilatleral cortex

A

True

29
Q

Are there cerebellar contributions in cortical mapping?

A

Yes: -Enhances motor learning, helps recovery when patient learns or relearns skilled movement – Generates new pathways between the cerebellum and cortex that support more automatic performance of skilled movement – Most important 2-6 months after initial damage

30
Q

What is cross-modal plasticity?

A

Entire sensory areas can be modified by major shifts in sensory input and experience: EX. Brain re-organization can occur following deafness or blindness, rewire retinal cells to medial geniculate n. Deaf person may “hear” visual sensations

31
Q

Scientists believe that the circuits involved in the storage of procedural and declarative learning are different. Procedural learning involves Which part of the brain? Declarative learning involves Which part of the brain?

A

with procedural memory involving cerebellar circuitry and declarative memory involving temporal-lobe circuitry.

32
Q

It has been shown that the loss of visual abilities following early blindness and the recruitment of occipital regions by nonvisual inputs may actually interfere with the reacquisition of visual function using the prosthetic implant. This happen in accordance to what principle of experience-dependent plasticity?
A. Specificity
B. Transference
C. Interference
D. Use it or loose it
E. Repetition matter

A

B. Transference

33
Q

This principle of experience-dependent plasticity indicates that while practice associated with acquisition of a novel or reacquisition of a lost skill is associated with changes in motor cortex, repetition of a movement already learned is not.

A

Specificity

34
Q

True or false: benefits of using a highly intense training schedule may vary depending on where the patient is in the recovery process. In early recovery, less may actually be more.

A

True

35
Q

True or false: Slowly developing lesions create more disruption of function than sudden lesions

A

False, create less disruption.

36
Q

True or false: Motor training (and rehabilitation) provided AFTER aerobic exercise help develop new neural networks that enhance skilled behavior.

A

True

MOVEMENT ANALYSIS III (11 decks)

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