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Human Development > Theories Of Humand Development > Flashcards

Theories Of Humand Development Flashcards

1
Q

Scientific Method w 4 Steps

A
  1. Conceptualizer a process or problem to be studied
  2. Collect research info (data)
  3. Analyze the data
  4. Draw Conclusion
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2
Q

Theories of Development + Scientist (7)

A
  1. Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud and Erikson) - Unconcouse thoughts abt sex
  2. Cognitive theory (Piaget) -
    How we thinking abt things
  3. Vgotskys Sociocultural I Cogntive Theory
  4. Information Processing Theory
  5. Operant Conditioning (Skinner)
  6. Social Congntive Theory (Bandura) -
    Observe to develop
  7. Bronfenbrenners Biecological Theory -
    Interaction with environment

There is also Ethological Theory of Ethology which is research on animals

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3
Q

Psychoanalytic Theory

A

Describes development in term of unlock use process coloured by r emotion. Inability to replicate as u cannot observe or see motives.

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4
Q

Oral Stage (Psychoanalytic)

A

Infants Pleasure
Centres on the mouth
Both to 1 1/2ys

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5
Q

Anal Stage (Psychoanalytic)

A

Childs pleasure focuses on the anus
1 1/2 - 3yr

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6
Q

Phalic Stage (Psychoanalytic)

A

Childs pleasure focuses on the genitals
3 - 6yr

Boys r proud to have a penis
Girls wonder why they don’t have one

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7
Q

Latency Stage (Psychoanalytic)

A

Childs represses sexual interest and develops social and intellectual skills
6yrs to puberty

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8
Q

Genital Stage (Psychoanalytic)

A

A time of sexual reawakening: the source of sexual pleasure bc someone outside the family
Puberty onward

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9
Q

5 Stages of Psychoanalytics

A
  1. Oral
  2. Anal
  3. Phallic
  4. Latency
    5 Gentital
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10
Q

Psychosocial Theory

A

Erikson
Believe ppl had to work tough the 8 stages below in order to develop and grow
-

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11
Q

8 Stages of Psychosocial

A
  1. Trust vs Minstrust = infancy 1y
  2. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt = infancy 1-3y
  3. Initiative vs Guilt = preschool yrs 3-5yr
  4. Industry vs Inferiority = elementary school 6 to puberty
  5. Identity vs Identity Confusion Adolescence 10-20yr
  6. Intamcy vs Isolation early adulthood 20, 30s
  7. Generativity vs Stagnation = middle adulthood 40, 50s’
  8. Integrity vs Despair= late adulthood 60s+
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12
Q

Cognitive Theory

A

Piaget
- children’s construct personal understanding
- age related stages w distinct thinking and understanding
- child’s cognition in QUALITATIVE different in each stage

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13
Q

4 Stages of Cognitive Theory

A
  1. Sensorimotor
  2. Preoperational
  3. Concrete
  4. Formal Operational stage
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14
Q
  1. Sensorimotor stage (4 Stages of Cognitive Theory)
A

Brith to ap 2y
Infants construct an understanding of the word by coordinating sensory experiences (5 senses)

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15
Q
  1. Pre operational (4 Stages of Cognitive Theory)
A
  • able to represent he world w words, images, or drawings
  • preschool kidsstilllack ability to perform operations (mental actions)
    Ie. colour pics of fams = represent thoughts but don’t rally understand
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16
Q
  1. Concrete ( 4 Stages of Cognitive Theory)
A

App 7-11yr
Ie. If it I rain in out side i need a coat

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17
Q
  1. Roma Operational (. 4 Stages of Cognitive Theory)
A
  • develop of logical reasoning
  • think abstractly
    More systematic problem solving, developing hypotheses about why something is happening and test it
  • skaticism about pureness of pirates stages and lack of cultural variations
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18
Q

Vygotskys Soiocultural Cognive Theory

A

Learned math w this theory.
- cultural and social interaction guide constituted development
- inserable from social and cultural activists
Social interactions w more adults and peers too cognitive development

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19
Q

Information Processing theory

A

How we take things in, process it and organize it and then use it like a computer.
- develop gradually, increasing capacity for processing information allowing them to acquire increasingly complex knowledge and skills

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20
Q

Behavioural and Social Congitive Theory

A

Development from behaviours learned through interactions w surroudings. Development is also observable while behaviour is learned through experience w environments

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21
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Skinner
Behaviour consequence (reward or punishment ) causes change in the probability of the behaviours recurrence

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22
Q

Social Cognitive Theory

A

Bandura
Ways we interact w the world is linked to how we act and behave.
1960 BOBO DOLL - children imitate others regardless of where they watch it
Environmental, behavioural, and personal

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23
Q

Bio ecological Theory + 5 systems

A

Environment systems influence development through 5 systems
1. Micro
2. Meso
3. Exo
4. Macro
5. Chrono

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24
Q

Microsystems

A

Setting in which the individual lives and their genetic makeup (family / peers / + congnitive and phsycial health )

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25
Q

Mesosystem

A

Relations between Mircor systems or connections between contexts (family’s and school)

26
Q

Ecosystem

A

Links between social settings where individuals does not have an active role (home experience may be influence by a parent work experience)
Ie. rent who travels for work = shift in home life and development

27
Q

Macro systems

A

Cultural (referring to behaviour patterns, beliefs etc in which individuals live (culture brought up in effects thoughts and behaviours)

28
Q

Chonosytem

A

Patterning of environmental events or transitions over the life course as well as as a sociohistorical circumstances

29
Q

Contemporary Approach

A

+ Psychology
Focuse on alternative methods of abating health and happiness like courage creativity and laughter
5 positive traits include love, hope, gratitude, curiosity, and zest

30
Q

Neuroscience

A

Study of the brain, nervous system, and spinal cord

31
Q

Neuoplasticity

A

Brains ability to compensate for injure or disease
- examine how brain maps ur personal narratives
- abuse and treatments of disease

32
Q

Dynamic System

A

Thelen
- development is problistic and emerges out of complex interactions between the developing organism and its eveniomnet
- relies t complex interactions w emergent properties

33
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

Synthesizes modern evolutionary biological and psychology in search to understand how bran and ehaviour unfolds across the lifespans
contemporary approach

34
Q

3 ways to Research HD

A
  1. Observation
  2. Surgery and Interview
  3. Standardized Test
35
Q

Methods of Collecting Data

A
  1. case study
    Physiological measures
36
Q

Observation - must be systematic = natural observation = need to know

A
  1. Who, when, and where we will observe
  2. How observation will be made
  3. How they will be recorded
37
Q

Laboratory vs Naturalistic Observation

A

L = a controlled setting in which research can take place

N = observation that occurs in a real world setting without any attempts to manipulate the situation

38
Q

Surgery and Interview

A
  • directly ask questions to complete survey = questionnaire
  • surverys r useful in large settings
    In person, over phone, by mail, or over internet

LIMITATION = social desirability bias

39
Q

Standardized test

A

SAT / EYE EXAM
A test tha gives uniform procedures for a discretion and scoring - performance compassions

LIMITATIONS = assumes a persons behaviour is consistent and stable

40
Q

Case Study

A

Interview or medial records
An in-depth examination
- info at one persons experience
- may gather info from interview or medial records

41
Q

Physioogical Measures (3)

A
  1. Neuromaging
  2. Heart rate
  3. Cortisol
42
Q

Descriptive Research

A

Aims to observe an record behaviour without influence it in any way.
- all data collection methods can be used to descriptive research
- by itself; descriptive research cannot prove what cause a phenomenon

43
Q

Correlational research Design

A

Focuses on describing the trench of the relationship between 2 or more events or characteristics without manipulating them

44
Q

5 Key characteristics of Correlational Reseach

A
  1. Naturalistic Observation
  2. Relationship Focused
  3. No Manipulation
  4. Quantitative
  5. Broader Scope
45
Q

Advantages and Limitations of Correlational Research

A

A = efficiency, real world application, ethical considerations

L = inability to establish causation, confounding variables, directionality problems

46
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

A number based on statistical analysis that describes the degree of association between 2 variables
- range from -1.00 to + 1.00
- higher the correlation coefficient (ether +/-) the stronger the association between 2 variables
0 = no association
Correlation doesn’t not = causation

47
Q

Experimental Research Design

A
  • a carefully regulated procedure in which one or more of the factors believed to influence the behaviour binge studied is manipulated. Experimental research premis the determination of cause. There r 2 factors and 1 or more experimental group
48
Q

Indepentent variables

A

A manipulated influence experimental factor

49
Q

Depepedent Variable

A

Factor that change in an experiment in response to to change in the independent variable

50
Q

Experimental group

A

Group whose experience is manipulated

51
Q

Control Group

A

Compassions group that is as much like the EG as possible, except for the manipulated factors (independent variable)
- CG = baseline
- Random Assigment = researchers assigned partipants to experimental and control group by chance

52
Q

Key Characteristics of Experimental Research

A
  1. Manipulation of variables
  2. Random assignment
  3. Control
  4. Hypotheses testing
  5. Replicabilty
53
Q

Advantages and Limitations of Experimental Research

A

A = establishing causality, control, precision, scientific rigor

L = ethical considerations and resource intensive

54
Q

Choosing Between Correlation and Experiemental Reseach - 7 factors

A
  1. Research questions
  2. Ethical consideration
  3. Resources
  4. Nature of variable
  5. Desired generalizability
  6. Stage or research
55
Q

Cross Selectional Approach (+ A and L)

A

Different ages r compared to
A = researchers do not need to wait for individuals to grow up or bc older

L = gives no info abt stability of characters its or how individuals change over time

56
Q

Longitudinal (+ A / L)

A

Same individuals r studied over a period of time ( usually 7+ years or more)

A = provide info at stability and changes in development

L = expensive, time consuming, retaining participants

57
Q

Cohort

A

Group of ppl who are born at a similar point in history and share similar experience

58
Q

Cohort Effects

A

Share by a group of individuals based on time of birth or generation NOT AGE

59
Q

Voluntary

A

Ppl have chosen to participate in research according to their own values, wishes, free of influence or coercion

60
Q

Informed

A

Gives prospective participants all the necessary into from them to make an inforinformed decision abt patipaants

61
Q

Research Ethic Committee

A

Proposed research at collage or university must pass the security of a research ethics committee bf Reseach can actually begin
1. CIHR
2. SSHRC
3. NSERC

62
Q

Confidentially vs Anonymouseity

A

C = insteded for or restricted to use of a partial person group or class

A =not id by name

Human Development (6 decks)

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