Theories Of Humand Development Flashcards
Scientific Method w 4 Steps
- Conceptualizer a process or problem to be studied
- Collect research info (data)
- Analyze the data
- Draw Conclusion
Theories of Development + Scientist (7)
- Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud and Erikson) - Unconcouse thoughts abt sex
- Cognitive theory (Piaget) -
How we thinking abt things - Vgotskys Sociocultural I Cogntive Theory
- Information Processing Theory
- Operant Conditioning (Skinner)
- Social Congntive Theory (Bandura) -
Observe to develop - Bronfenbrenners Biecological Theory -
Interaction with environment
There is also Ethological Theory of Ethology which is research on animals
Psychoanalytic Theory
Describes development in term of unlock use process coloured by r emotion. Inability to replicate as u cannot observe or see motives.
Oral Stage (Psychoanalytic)
Infants Pleasure
Centres on the mouth
Both to 1 1/2ys
Anal Stage (Psychoanalytic)
Childs pleasure focuses on the anus
1 1/2 - 3yr
Phalic Stage (Psychoanalytic)
Childs pleasure focuses on the genitals
3 - 6yr
Boys r proud to have a penis
Girls wonder why they don’t have one
Latency Stage (Psychoanalytic)
Childs represses sexual interest and develops social and intellectual skills
6yrs to puberty
Genital Stage (Psychoanalytic)
A time of sexual reawakening: the source of sexual pleasure bc someone outside the family
Puberty onward
5 Stages of Psychoanalytics
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Latency
5 Gentital
Psychosocial Theory
Erikson
Believe ppl had to work tough the 8 stages below in order to develop and grow
-
8 Stages of Psychosocial
- Trust vs Minstrust = infancy 1y
- Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt = infancy 1-3y
- Initiative vs Guilt = preschool yrs 3-5yr
- Industry vs Inferiority = elementary school 6 to puberty
- Identity vs Identity Confusion Adolescence 10-20yr
- Intamcy vs Isolation early adulthood 20, 30s
- Generativity vs Stagnation = middle adulthood 40, 50s’
- Integrity vs Despair= late adulthood 60s+
Cognitive Theory
Piaget
- children’s construct personal understanding
- age related stages w distinct thinking and understanding
- child’s cognition in QUALITATIVE different in each stage
4 Stages of Cognitive Theory
- Sensorimotor
- Preoperational
- Concrete
- Formal Operational stage
- Sensorimotor stage (4 Stages of Cognitive Theory)
Brith to ap 2y
Infants construct an understanding of the word by coordinating sensory experiences (5 senses)
- Pre operational (4 Stages of Cognitive Theory)
- able to represent he world w words, images, or drawings
- preschool kidsstilllack ability to perform operations (mental actions)
Ie. colour pics of fams = represent thoughts but don’t rally understand
- Concrete ( 4 Stages of Cognitive Theory)
App 7-11yr
Ie. If it I rain in out side i need a coat
- Roma Operational (. 4 Stages of Cognitive Theory)
- develop of logical reasoning
- think abstractly
More systematic problem solving, developing hypotheses about why something is happening and test it - skaticism about pureness of pirates stages and lack of cultural variations
Vygotskys Soiocultural Cognive Theory
Learned math w this theory.
- cultural and social interaction guide constituted development
- inserable from social and cultural activists
Social interactions w more adults and peers too cognitive development
Information Processing theory
How we take things in, process it and organize it and then use it like a computer.
- develop gradually, increasing capacity for processing information allowing them to acquire increasingly complex knowledge and skills
Behavioural and Social Congitive Theory
Development from behaviours learned through interactions w surroudings. Development is also observable while behaviour is learned through experience w environments
Operant Conditioning
Skinner
Behaviour consequence (reward or punishment ) causes change in the probability of the behaviours recurrence
Social Cognitive Theory
Bandura
Ways we interact w the world is linked to how we act and behave.
1960 BOBO DOLL - children imitate others regardless of where they watch it
Environmental, behavioural, and personal
Bio ecological Theory + 5 systems
Environment systems influence development through 5 systems
1. Micro
2. Meso
3. Exo
4. Macro
5. Chrono
Microsystems
Setting in which the individual lives and their genetic makeup (family / peers / + congnitive and phsycial health )
Mesosystem
Relations between Mircor systems or connections between contexts (family’s and school)
Ecosystem
Links between social settings where individuals does not have an active role (home experience may be influence by a parent work experience)
Ie. rent who travels for work = shift in home life and development
Macro systems
Cultural (referring to behaviour patterns, beliefs etc in which individuals live (culture brought up in effects thoughts and behaviours)
Chonosytem
Patterning of environmental events or transitions over the life course as well as as a sociohistorical circumstances
Contemporary Approach
+ Psychology
Focuse on alternative methods of abating health and happiness like courage creativity and laughter
5 positive traits include love, hope, gratitude, curiosity, and zest
Neuroscience
Study of the brain, nervous system, and spinal cord
Neuoplasticity
Brains ability to compensate for injure or disease
- examine how brain maps ur personal narratives
- abuse and treatments of disease
Dynamic System
Thelen
- development is problistic and emerges out of complex interactions between the developing organism and its eveniomnet
- relies t complex interactions w emergent properties
Evolutionary Psychology
Synthesizes modern evolutionary biological and psychology in search to understand how bran and ehaviour unfolds across the lifespans
contemporary approach
3 ways to Research HD
- Observation
- Surgery and Interview
- Standardized Test
Methods of Collecting Data
- case study
Physiological measures
Observation - must be systematic = natural observation = need to know
- Who, when, and where we will observe
- How observation will be made
- How they will be recorded
Laboratory vs Naturalistic Observation
L = a controlled setting in which research can take place
N = observation that occurs in a real world setting without any attempts to manipulate the situation
Surgery and Interview
- directly ask questions to complete survey = questionnaire
- surverys r useful in large settings
In person, over phone, by mail, or over internet
LIMITATION = social desirability bias
Standardized test
SAT / EYE EXAM
A test tha gives uniform procedures for a discretion and scoring - performance compassions
LIMITATIONS = assumes a persons behaviour is consistent and stable
Case Study
Interview or medial records
An in-depth examination
- info at one persons experience
- may gather info from interview or medial records
Physioogical Measures (3)
- Neuromaging
- Heart rate
- Cortisol
Descriptive Research
Aims to observe an record behaviour without influence it in any way.
- all data collection methods can be used to descriptive research
- by itself; descriptive research cannot prove what cause a phenomenon
Correlational research Design
Focuses on describing the trench of the relationship between 2 or more events or characteristics without manipulating them
5 Key characteristics of Correlational Reseach
- Naturalistic Observation
- Relationship Focused
- No Manipulation
- Quantitative
- Broader Scope
Advantages and Limitations of Correlational Research
A = efficiency, real world application, ethical considerations
L = inability to establish causation, confounding variables, directionality problems
Correlation Coefficient
A number based on statistical analysis that describes the degree of association between 2 variables
- range from -1.00 to + 1.00
- higher the correlation coefficient (ether +/-) the stronger the association between 2 variables
0 = no association
Correlation doesn’t not = causation
Experimental Research Design
- a carefully regulated procedure in which one or more of the factors believed to influence the behaviour binge studied is manipulated. Experimental research premis the determination of cause. There r 2 factors and 1 or more experimental group
Indepentent variables
A manipulated influence experimental factor
Depepedent Variable
Factor that change in an experiment in response to to change in the independent variable
Experimental group
Group whose experience is manipulated
Control Group
Compassions group that is as much like the EG as possible, except for the manipulated factors (independent variable)
- CG = baseline
- Random Assigment = researchers assigned partipants to experimental and control group by chance
Key Characteristics of Experimental Research
- Manipulation of variables
- Random assignment
- Control
- Hypotheses testing
- Replicabilty
Advantages and Limitations of Experimental Research
A = establishing causality, control, precision, scientific rigor
L = ethical considerations and resource intensive
Choosing Between Correlation and Experiemental Reseach - 7 factors
- Research questions
- Ethical consideration
- Resources
- Nature of variable
- Desired generalizability
- Stage or research
Cross Selectional Approach (+ A and L)
Different ages r compared to
A = researchers do not need to wait for individuals to grow up or bc older
L = gives no info abt stability of characters its or how individuals change over time
Longitudinal (+ A / L)
Same individuals r studied over a period of time ( usually 7+ years or more)
A = provide info at stability and changes in development
L = expensive, time consuming, retaining participants
Cohort
Group of ppl who are born at a similar point in history and share similar experience
Cohort Effects
Share by a group of individuals based on time of birth or generation NOT AGE
Voluntary
Ppl have chosen to participate in research according to their own values, wishes, free of influence or coercion
Informed
Gives prospective participants all the necessary into from them to make an inforinformed decision abt patipaants
Research Ethic Committee
Proposed research at collage or university must pass the security of a research ethics committee bf Reseach can actually begin
1. CIHR
2. SSHRC
3. NSERC
Confidentially vs Anonymouseity
C = insteded for or restricted to use of a partial person group or class
A =not id by name
