Biologcal Beginnings Flashcards
The Evolutionary Perspective (DARWIN)
- humans resulted from evolution
- Evolution determines how we perceive the world speak and behave
- Those who reproduce pass on these characteristics to the next generation
- Future generations will restful from their own evolution
- Emphasizes adoption, reproduction, survival, which shapes behaviour - survival of fit sharing brain and behaviors; behave in ways that promotes survival
- We earn how to perceive the world, speak, and behave
- Group behaviour evolves models of cultural group selection
- Nature and nurture influence each other - humans use biological capacities to produce diverse cultures (aggressive / peace loving / autocratic)
- Evolutionary Developmental Psychology based on several propositionts
Human “CHILDHOOD”
In this stage longer than any other
- allows development of large brain and gain life experience
- lean complexities of human society
- learn and survive
Evolved DOMAIN SPECIFIC
Mind is not a general purpose device. Mid evolved in a specialized modulate responding to historically and culturally repeated situations
Evolved MECHANISMS are no always adaptive
Overeating - no longer hunters expanding energy to find food and tools use
One Side Evolutionism
The theory sees social behaviours as product of evolved biological characteristics. Bidirectional view in which environmental and biological conditions influence each other
Evolution gives bodily structures and biological potential, not behaviour
Genetic Foundations of Development
- genes r short segments of DNA (hereditary info) that collaboratively direct cells to reproduce and manufacture proteins
- Genetic traits r retained n our DNA to be tranmistted to new generations
- DNA is nherited from all species that come bf humans as well as the human “genetic code” inherited from parents
- Human genetic code prevents human fertilized eggs from bc anything other than human
- 99% of human genomes r indetical. What makes us unique is in 1%
Genes and Chromosomes
Al cells in r body (except sperm and egg) have 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs
Mitosis
Process of cel reproduction
- cells nucleus duplicates itself and divides
- 2 new ells r formed; each contatng the same DNA as the original cell, arranged in same 23 pairs f chromes
Meiosis
Jus sperm and egg
Forms egg and sperm cells = called gametes
- when cells in testes or ovaries duplicated
- each of the four cells have 23 chromosomes
Genetic Foudation of Developemtn Between Males and Females
The Y chromosome of males is smaller than the X chromosomes of the female. To obtain this a cell is removed from a persons body ie from mouth.
During fertilization egg/sperm cels fuse to relate a single cell called a ZYGOTE (each has 23 unpaired chromosomes to form a set of 23
Sources of Variability
Chromosomes r NOT exact copies of parental DNA, which increases genetic variability and more characterisitics on which natural selection can operate. Another source of variability comes from DNA (muted genes). Difference in Genotype and Phenotype
Genotypes
Totality of individual genetic material including sustainability genes and longevity genes
Phenotypes
observable characteristics including physical characteristics (height, weight, hair colour) and psychological characteristics (personality and intelligence). Each genotype; a range of phenotypes can be expressed, providing another source of variability
Genetic Principles (3)
- Domiantat and Recessive Gene
- Sex linked Genes
- Polygenic Ingertience
Dominant and Recessive Genes
brown hair or right hand r all Dominant over Blond hair
One gene characteristic in a chromosome pair dominates, passing on its code while the other is recessive. Most mutant genes r recessive
Sex Linked Genes
recessive; no backup of x; males more often have this. Females who have only one could be a carrier; Colour blindness r x related disease therefore more in guy
Women have 2 X genes in their pair. If one X mutants there is still a backup copy ; while males only have 1Y and 1X gene,
Polygenetic Inheritance
Inherited characters it’s r mostly determined by the interaction of many different inherited genes from ancestors and said to be POLYGENICALLY determined. The genome is NOT STATIC
Punnet Squares
TT =
Tt =
tt =
= HOMOzygouse Domminate
= HETERozygouse
= HOMOzygours Recessive
Eugenitits
Ppl espousing beliefs and practices they believe would improve the genetic quality of human population which led to sterilization of indigenous women and involuntary sterilization is still going on.
Behavioural Genetics
Nature vs. Nurture debate; genetic and envir. In pack us
Studies influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development. Often study either twin or adopted children and their adoptive / biological families. Twin and adoption studies have provided a wealth of knowledge abt the development of brain and behaviour (understanding how genes and environment interact)
(Most looked @: adopt; more like bio or adopt rents; twins; similarities)
Heredity and Envionment Correlations (3)
- Passive genotype
- Evocative genotype
- Active Genotype (niche picking)
Passive vs Evocative vs Active genotypes
P = Environememtn Correlations; biological parents provide an environment which transfers their interests ad inclinations to to the child
E = Environment Correlations; child’s characteristics elicit certain types of environments (ie. happy kids get more stimulation
A = Environmnet Correlations; child’s seeks environment that they find compatible and stimulating
Niche Picking means
refers to finding an environment that is suited to ones abilities related to genotype
Epileptics
Study of how the environment influences gene expression and how gene expression then influences a range of traits including behaviour. Development is the result of an ongoing bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment, this work together.
Cohort Effects
Shape the development of a group of individuals based on when or where they were born. The relative contribute of heredity and environment r not additive. Complex behaviours r influences by genes in ways that give ppl a propensity for a particular development trajectory.
Parenatal Developement - conception
- occurs at fertilization
Single sperm cell unites w anonymous (egg) in female fallopian tube - genetic code directs a service of hangers in egg
3 Stages of Pregnancy
- Germinal
- Embrynoic
- Fetal
Germinal
2 weeks flowing conception
The creation of the fertilized egg (zygote), cell division, and the attachment of the multicellular organism to the uterine wall occur at the time.
early stage r cells begin to have jobs to carry out theses jobs ad develop who we r
Embryonic
2-8 weeks
Rate o cell differnationation intensifies, support system for cells from, and organs develop
- endoderm
- ectoderm
- mesoderm
- organogenesis
- amnion / umbilical cord + placenta
Fetal
2m until brith
- 8cm long and wight bat 30grams at 3months
Recuts becomes active
Face, forehead, eyelids, nose, ad chin r distinguished
Fetus is viable as early as 6m
Last two months tissues develops
Three Trimesters
germinal ad embryonic periods occur in the first trimester. The fetal period begins toward the end of the first trimester and continues through the second and third trimester.
4 important phases of brain development
- Neurognesis
- Neaurla migration
- Synaptogenses
- Myelination
Neurogenesis
massive increases in neurons in baby’s brain (5 prenatal week / 108 days after conception)
Neural Migration
n - neurons make in ventraical zone and move to final spot in brain
Synaptogensis
make aces and dendrights; tells us to breath or organs to function + reflexes
Myelination
acorns r covered in fat cells which increase speed of information sent transform
Parental Test (6)
- Ultrasound
- Chronic villus sampling = take tissue from placenta 7w
- Ammiocenties = 15/18w sample of amniotic fluid for from disorders
- Maternal Blood screening = 16/18w spindadifica or Down sydodome
- Fetal MRI = see if its abnormal
- Fetal Sex Determination = 11/13w not standard in CND
Infertility and repdcution Technology
Infertility is the inability to conceive a child after 12 moths of regular intercours without contraception (15% of CND couples) the cause of infertility can rest with the women, man or both.( women not ovulation or tubes blocked / males may produce less dead sperm)
* IVF involves egg and sperm being combined in lab dish (expensive in CND and not always covered by insiurance) - $4000-9000 for one round of IVF.
* Multiple births w fertility drug
* Ethical considerations
General Princiles
TERATOGENS - any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or (-) alter cognitive and behavioural outcomes. Does genetic susceptibility and time of exposure to a particular teratogen influence both the severity of the damage to an embryo and fetus and type of defect.
Stages of Birth (3)
- Uterine Contrations - cervix dilates 6-12w
- Head moves through cervix and birth canal 45 min to and hour
- Afterbirth - placenta emgerages last only a few mins
Newborn immediately assessed on APGAR scale
Midwives vs Doulas
M = provides healthcare and support to women through pregnancy, birth and the postpartum period - CND need university degree / can act delivery baby
D = caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth. - Greek word for women who helps. They r can cost 1000 out of pocket - support person / can not act deliver baby
5 Methods of Childbirth
- Medications to relive pain
- Natural ad prepared childbirth
- Other Nomecation Tecniques to reduce pain like water brith, accupincute
- Caesarean Deivery
- Surrogacy
Transition from Fetus to Newborn
birth involves considerable stress for baby. Most newborns r weighted, cleaned up, and tested for signs of developmental problems that might require urgent attentions (apgar scale).
Birth Weight
Low = infants less than 2.3kg at birth
Very low = under 1.4kg
Extremely low = under 0.9kg
Kangaroo Care
Skin to skin contact and is typically practices for 2 to 3 hours per day over and extend time in early infancy
Bonding
the formation of a connection; especially a physical bond between parents and the newborn in the period shortly after birth. some physicians believe that parents and newborns need to form an emotional attachment as a foundation for optimal development in years to one.
Postpartum Period - phsycial adjustment
- lots of energetic or feel exhausted and let down
- loss of sleep
- involution = process which the uterus return to its pre pregnant size 5.6w after birth
