THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATION

Question 1

why did globalization studies emerge?

Answer 1

1. The emergence of a globalized economy involving new systems of production, finance, and consumption and worldwide economic integration.
2. New transnational or global cultural
   patterns, practices, and flows, and the
   idea of ‘global cultures.
3. Global political processes, the rise of new
   transnational institutions, and
   concomitantly, the spread of global
   governance and authority structures of
   diverse sorts.
4. The unprecedented multidirectional
   movement of peoples around the world
   involving new patterns of transnational
   migration, identities and communities.
5. New social hierarchies, forms of
   inequality, and relations of domination
   around the world and in the global
   system as a whole

Question 2

what are the two broad categories of research in globalization

Answer 2

studying specific problems or issues as they relate to globalization

studying the concept of globalization itself

Question 3

what is the first theory about the history of globalization

Answer 3

It is a process that has been going on since the dawn of history, hence a 5,000–10,000 year time frame.

Question 4

what is the second theory about the history of globalization

Answer 4

It is a process coterminous with the spread and development of capitalism and modernity, hence a 500 year frame.

Question 5

what is the third theory about the history of globalization

Answer 5

It is a recent phenomenon associated with such processes of post-industrialization, postmodernization, or the restructuring of capitalism, hence a 20–30 year frame.

Question 6

views globalization not as a recent phenomenon but as virtually synonymous with the birth and spread of world capitalism, c. 1500.

Answer 6

world system theory

Question 7

who is the proponent of the world system theory

Answer 7

Immanuel Wallerstein

Question 8

the powerful and developed centers of the
the system, originally comprised of Western Europe and later expanded to include North America and Japan.

Answer 8

core

Question 9

regions that have been forcibly subordinated to the core through colonialism or other means, and in the formative years of the capitalist world, the system would include Latin America, Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe.

Answer 9

periphery

Question 10

comprised of those states and regions that were previously in the core and are moving down in this
hierarchy, or those that were previously in the periphery and are moving up.

Answer 10

semi-periphery

Question 11

• this theory sees globalization as a novel stage in the evolving system of world capitalism
• they believe that TNPs (transnational practices) emerged in globalization

Answer 11

theories of global capitalism

Question 12

what are the 3 levels of TNPs

Answer 12

the economic
the political
the cultural

Question 13

level whose agent is transnational capital

Answer 13

the economic

Question 14

level whose agent is a transnational capitalist class (TCC)

Answer 14

the political

Question 15

level whose agent is cultural elites

Answer 15

the cultural-ideological

Question 16

brings together several social groups who see their own interests in an expanding global capitalist system

Answer 16

TCC (transnational capitalist)

Question 17

according to Robinson (2003, 2004), what are the three planks involved in the theory of global capitalism

Answer 17

transnational production
transnational capitalists
transnational state

Question 18

this is the transition from a world economy to a
global economy

Answer 18

epochal shift

Question 19

a loose network comprised of supranational political and economic institutions together with national state
apparatuses that have been penetrated and
transformed by transnational forces

Answer 19

transnational state (tns)

Question 20

it is not the logic of the capitalist development but that of technological change that is seen to exercise underlying causal determination in the myriad of processes referred to as globalization.

Answer 20

the network society

Question 21

he is one of the proponents of the network society

he claimes that it is not the logic of capitalist development but that of technological change
that is seen to exercise underlying causal
determination in the myriad of processes
referred to as globalization.

Answer 21

Manuel Castell

Question 22

globalization represents a ???

Answer 22

new age of information

Question 23

what two analytically separate processes came together in the latter decades of the twentieth century to result in the rise of the network society

Answer 23

• informationalism
• new economy

Question 24

what are the characteristics of the new economy

Answer 24

• informational (knowledge-based)
• global (production is organized on a global scale)
• networked (productivity is generated through global networks of interaction)

Question 25

this is an ‘economy with the capacity to work as a unit in real time, or to choose time, on a planetary scale’, and involving global financial markets, the globalization of trade, the spread of international production networks, and the selective globalization of science and technology

Answer 25

global economy

Question 26

this is the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events ‘the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events

Answer 26

time-space distanciation

Question 27

is the process whereby time is reorganized in such a way as to reduce the constraints of space, and vice-versa

Answer 27

time-space compression

Question 28

he stated that time-space compression is the process whereby time is reorganized in such a way as to reduce the constraints of space, and vice-versa

Answer 28

david harvey

Question 29

ideas about home, locality and community have been extensively spread around the world in recent years, so that the local has been globalized, and the stress upon
the significance of the local or the communal can be viewed as one ingredient of the overall globalization process

Answer 29

glocalization

Question 30

globalization is the outcome of the completion of modernization

Answer 30

late modernity

Question 31

this theory states that globalization represents the
universalization of modernity

Answer 31

modernity, postmodernity, and globalizations

Question 32

what does globalization involve in the modernity, postmodernity, and globalizations theory

Answer 32

• universalization of the nation-state as the political form
• the universalization of the capitalist system of commodity production
• a Foucaultian surveillance by the modern state
• the centralization of control of the means of violence within an industrialized military order (Giddens)

Question 33

where does the universal political form organize

Answer 33

on the four axes of capitalism, industrialism, surveillance, and military power

Question 34

in the theory of modernity, postmodernity, and globalizations, globalization is seen as what?

Answer 34

the spread and ultimate universalization of sets of modern values, practices and institutions through ‘isomorphic’ processes that operate on a global scale.

Question 35

The growth of supranational institutional networks and of universal modern norms of organization bring about ___________

Answer 35

world society

Question 36

modernity, postmodernity, and globalizations theory po ito under:

according to albrow (1997), what is the defining feature of globalization?

Answer 36

Transition from modern to postmodern society

Question 37

globalization signals the end of the _________ and the dawn of a new historic epoch, the ____________ (albrow)

Answer 37

modern age
global age

Question 38

refers to the rise of new communities and the formation of new social identities and relations that cannot be defined through the traditional reference point of nation-states

Answer 38

transnationality

Question 39

encompassing a wide variety of transformative processes, practices and developments that take place simultaneously at a local and global level.

refer to the activities of immigrants to forge and sustain multistranded social relations that link their societies of origin and settlement as a single unified field of social action

Answer 39

transnationalism

Question 40

are the multiple ties and interactions –
economic, political, social, and cultural

that link people, communities, and
institutions across the borders of nation-states

Answer 40

transnational processes and practices

Question 41

what are the types of interactions that occur in transnational processes and practices

Answer 41

economic
political
social
cultural

Question 42

an awareness of the world as a single place

Answer 42

global consciousness

Question 43

see a global cultural convergence and would tend to
highlight the rise of world beat, world cuisines, world tourism, uniform consumption patterns, and
cosmopolitanism

Answer 43

homogenization theories

Question 44

see a continued cultural difference and highlight local cultural autonomy, cultural resistance to homogenization, cultural clashes and polarization, and distinct subjective experiences of globalization

Answer 44

heterogeneity approaches

Question 45

stresses new and constantly evolving cultural forms and identities produced by manifold transnational
processes and the fusion of distinct cultural processes

Answer 45

hybridization

Question 46

refers to sociocultural processes by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant came to
dominate more and more sectors of US and later world society

Answer 46

McDonaldization

Question 47

culturally meaningful institutions, sites, and practices locally controlled and rich in indigenous content –‘something’ –are being replaced by (corporate-driven)
uniform social forms devoid of distinctive substance –‘nothing’.

Answer 47

globalization of nothing

Question 48

“TCC or transnational capitalist class brings together several social groups who see their own interests in an expanding global capitalist system: the executives of transnational corporations; ‘globalizing bureaucrats,
politicians, and professionals’, and ‘consumerist elites’ in the media and the commercial sector”

Answer 48

Sklair, 2000

Question 49

Who advanced a related theory of global capitalism involving three planks:
transnational production,
transnational capitalists and a transnational state

Answer 49

Robinson (2003, 2004)

Question 50

Globalization is seen as the spread and ultimate universalization of sets of modern values, practices and institutions through ‘isomorphic’ processes that operate on a global scale. The growth of supranational institutional networks and of universal modern norms of organization bring about what they refer to as ‘world society’

Answer 50

Boli and Thomas, 1999; Meyer et al. 1997

Question 51

• Stated that the transition from modern to postmodern society is the defining feature of globalization. A new ‘global age’ has come to supersede the age of modernity
• argues that globalization signals the end of the ‘modern age’ and the dawn of a new historic epoch, the ‘global age’.

Answer 51

Albrow 1997

Question 52

Who wrote the “Theories of Globalization”

Answer 52

William I. Robinson