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Children, Family & Community > Theories of Development > Flashcards

Theories of Development Flashcards

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Sight Words (Ages 4-6) flashcards UMT for Kids flashcards
1
Q

THE 4 THEORISTS ARE:

A
  • Maslow
  • Piaget
  • Erikson
  • Vygotsky
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2
Q

MASLOW’S….

A

hierarchy of needs : the 5 stage model

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3
Q

ERIKSON’S…

A

theory of psychosocial development

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4
Q

VYGOTSKY’S…

A

theory of socio-cultural development

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5
Q

PIAGET’S…

A

theory of cognitive/intellectual development

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6
Q

MASLOW’S THEORY (PYRAMID STAGES FROM BOTTOM TO TOP AND DESCRIPTION OF EACH STAGE)

A
  1. Physiological Needs
    - basic necessities needed (vital to survival)
    - if these needs aren’t met the human body can’t function
    - food,water,air,sleep (without it can die), sex (without it is extinction)
  2. Safety Needs
    - important for survival but not as demanding as psychological needs
    - physical, environmental, emotional safety and protection
    - personal security, family security, financial security, health and wellbeing, safety net against accidents and illness.
  3. Social Needs
    - love, affection, care, belonging, friendship
    - relationships with other people (whether romantic or friendship of family - help fulfil the need for companionship and acceptance.
    - need to love and be loved by others
    - without this people become susceptible to be lonely/anxiety/depression
  4. Esteem Needs:
    - internal esteem needs~self respect,confidence, achievement, freedom.
    - external esteem needs~recognition, power, status, attention, admiration.
    - human desire to be accepted / valued by others
  5. Self-Actualisation Needs
    - becoming what you are fully capable of
    - fulfilling your potential
    - can never fully be satisfied, continual stage as people learn/grow
    - realisation of maximum potential
    - accepting yourself and others as they are
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7
Q

HOW DOES MASLOW’S PYRAMID WORK?

A
  • lowest levels: most basic human needs
  • higher levels: more complex needs
  • once a level/stage has been met, can move to the next, ect.
  • progressing up pyramid means closer to full potential
  • Maslow believed individuals are motivated by unsatisfied needs
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8
Q

WHAT DOES PIAGET BELIEVE?

A
  • children are actively involved in constructing their understanding of the world based on their experiences.
  • each child constructs knowledge on their own
  • links stages of brain development with appropriate learning experiences
  • there are 4 stages (including substages also)
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9
Q

NAME PIAGET’S STAGES AND DESCRIBE THEM:

A
  1. Sensorimotor Stage (birth - 2)
    - infant trying to make sense of the world
    - utilise skills born with to learn more about the environment
    - looking, sucking, grasping, listening
    - object permanence accomplished in this stage
    - includes 6 sub stages!
  2. Preoperational Stage (2-6)
    - language development
    - egocentrism
    - role play and pretending (like playing mummy’s and daddy’s or pretending a broom is a horse)
  3. Concrete Operational Stage (7-11)
    - gain better understanding of mental operations
    - begin to think logically
    - still difficulty with abstract / hypothetical concepts
    - conservation
  4. Formal Operational Stage (12-adulthood)
    - develop ability to think about abstract concepts
    - abstract thought (can consider possible outcomes and consequences without previous experience) and problem solving
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10
Q

EGOCENTRISM : DEFINITION (In relation to what theory?)

A

In PIAGET’S theory

= children experience difficulty taking on another person’s P.O.V, (unable to; they only see their own.

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11
Q

OBJECT PERMANENCE : DEFINITION (In relation to what theory?)

A

In PIAGET’S theory
= a child’s understanding that objects continue to exist even though they can’t be seen or heard.
- one of the most important accomplishments in sensorimotor stage.

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12
Q

CONSERVATION : DEFINITION (In relation to what theory?)

A

In PIAGET’S theory
= ability to determine that a certain quantity will remain the same despite adjustment of appearance (eg: still the same amount of water, even though it has been moved from a huge glass to a tiny cup and appears to be a different amount)

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13
Q

LIST AND EXPLAIN THE SUBSTAGES IN PIAGET’S THEORY:

A

SENSORIMOTOR STAGE HAS 6 SUBSTAGES

  1. REFLEXES 0-1 month
    - child understands environment purely through reflexes born with
  2. PRIMARY CIRCULAR REACTIONS 1-4 months
    - coordinating sensation and new schemas (mental/physical actions involved in understanding/knowing
    - eg: baby sucks thumb by accident, later on does it intentionally because it was pleasurable.
  3. SECONDARY CIRCULAR REACTIONS 4-8months
    - child becomes more focused on the world
    - begins to intentionally repeat action in order to trigger a response in the environment
    - eg: child picks up a toy to put in their mouth
  4. COORDINATION OF REACTIONS 8-12 months
    - child shows clearly intentional actions
    - combines schemas in order to achieve what they want
    - imitate the observed behaviours of others
    - begin exploring environment around them
    - understanding of objects / recognise objects with having certain qualities
    - eg: realises a rattle makes a sound when shaken
  5. TERTIARY CIRCULAR REACTIONS 12-18 months
    - begin trial and error experimentation
    - eg: child tries out different sounds/actions as a way of getting attention
  6. EARLY REPRESENTATIONAL THOUGHT 18-24 months
    - move to understanding the world through mental operations rather than just through actions
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14
Q

HOW MANY STAGES ARE THERE IN EACH OF THE THEORISTS THEORIES?

A

MASLOW : 5 stage pyramid model
PIAGET : 4 stages with 6 sub stages in the first stage
VYGOTSKY : no stages just 4 aspects
ERIKSON : 8 stages

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15
Q

WHAT ARE THE 4 ASPECTS OF VYGOTSKY’S THEORY?

A
  • More Knowledgable Other
  • Scaffolding
  • Zone of Proximal Development
  • Language Development
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16
Q

WHAT IS THE ‘MORE KNOWLEDGABLE OTHER’ IN WHO’S DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY?

A

In VYGOTSKY’S theory
= someone with a better understanding or higher ability level than the learner
-child learns by copying / understanding what they observe and are taught by the MKO

17
Q

WHAT IS THE ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT IN WHO’S THEORY?

A

VYGOTSKYS THEORY
- recognising there are things a child can do and things a child can’t do independently but things they can do with the assistance of someone else.

18
Q

WHAT IS SCAFFOLDING IN WHO’S THEORY?

A

VYGOTSKY’S THEORY
= a temporary framework / moving up an imaginary scale through stages by learning and getting better with the assistance of others.
-starting somewhere easy and gradually moving and improving into more complex things

19
Q

WHAT DOES VYGOTSKY BELIEVE:

A
  • that adults in society foster children’s cognitive / brain development
  • believed culture and social interactions are essential to this development
  • believes social learning comes before development
  • children see things happening around them and they learn from it …eg: see people having a shower or setting the table and they learn how to do this themselves.
20
Q

WHAT ARE THE 3 FORMS OF LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT’ AND IN WHO’S THEORY?

A

VYGOTSKYS
Language = most important tool a human can utilise… Is how the mko communicates info to the child.
- Social Speech (external communication people use to talk to others (typical at age 2))
- Private Speech (internal communication that a person directs to themselves - talking to themselves (typical at age 3))
- Silent Inner Speech (private speech diminishes in audibility and becomes a self regulating function (typical at age 7))

21
Q

WHAT DOES ERIKSON BELIEVE?

A
  • that personality develops in a series of stages
  • life span approach
  • ego identity
  • ego strength / ego quality
22
Q

STAGES OF ERIKSONS THEORY AND A DESCRIPTION OF EACH STAGE

A
  1. TRUST VS MISTRUST (birth - 1)
    - totally dependant on others
    - caregiver meets needs and child develops trust
    - caregiver does not meet needs and child develops mistrust
    - if accomplished gives hope, feeling of confidence and belief desires will be satisfied.
  2. AUTONOMY VS SHAME AND DOUBT (early childhood - 3)
    - able to show some degree of choice
    - develop greater sense of personal control
    - sucess = feel secure and confident
    - not successful completion of stage = inadequacy and self doubt
  3. INITIATIVE VS GUILT (3-5 ~ preschool years)
    - child expresses desire to take initiative in activities
    - assert power / control over world through directing play
    - sucess = feel capable and able to lead others
    - fail = lack of initiative, sense of guilt and self doubt.
  4. INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY (5-11~ early school years)
    - develop sense of pride in accomplishments / abilities
    - encouraged and congratulated by parents and teachers develops belief in skills
    - no encouragement = doubting ability to be successful
  5. IDENTITY VS CONFUSION (12-8 ~ adolescence)
    - form ego identity
    - developing a sense of self
    - sucess = feeling of independence and self control
    - failure = insecure, unsure of themselves, confused about themselves and future.
  6. INTIMACY VS ISOLATION (18-35~early adulthood)
    - exploring personal relationships
    - vital that people develop close and committed relationships with other people
    - sucess = secure and committed relationships
  7. GENERATIVITY VS STAGNATION (35-55 ~mature adulthood)
    - continue to build lives focusing on career and family
    - generativity = active involvement in teaching and guiding the next generation
    - sucess: contributing by being active in the home and community
    - fail: uninvolved / unproductive in the world
  8. INTEGRITY VS DESPAIR (55+ ~ old age)
    - evaluation of entire life / reflecting back
    - sucess: feel proud of accomplishments, few regrets, satisfied, wisdom.
    - failure: feel like life has been wasted, experience regrets, feeling of bitterness and despair.
23
Q

WHAT IS EGO IDENTITY AND IN RELATION TO WHOS THEORY?

A

ERIKSONS

  • conscience sense of self we develop through social interaction
  • constantly changing due to new experience and info acquired in daily interactions with others
24
Q

WHAT IS EGO STRENGTH/EGO QUALITY AND IN RELATION TO WHOS THEORY?

A

ERIKSONS

  • when a stage is handled well, will feel a sense of mastery when not, won’t feel complete/positive in the next stage
  • each stage is about becoming competent in an area of life
  • people experience a conflict in each stage that serves as a turning point in their development

Children, Family & Community (8 decks)

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