Theories of Development Flashcards
THE 4 THEORISTS ARE:
- Maslow
- Piaget
- Erikson
- Vygotsky
MASLOW’S….
hierarchy of needs : the 5 stage model
ERIKSON’S…
theory of psychosocial development
VYGOTSKY’S…
theory of socio-cultural development
PIAGET’S…
theory of cognitive/intellectual development
MASLOW’S THEORY (PYRAMID STAGES FROM BOTTOM TO TOP AND DESCRIPTION OF EACH STAGE)
- Physiological Needs
- basic necessities needed (vital to survival)
- if these needs aren’t met the human body can’t function
- food,water,air,sleep (without it can die), sex (without it is extinction) - Safety Needs
- important for survival but not as demanding as psychological needs
- physical, environmental, emotional safety and protection
- personal security, family security, financial security, health and wellbeing, safety net against accidents and illness. - Social Needs
- love, affection, care, belonging, friendship
- relationships with other people (whether romantic or friendship of family - help fulfil the need for companionship and acceptance.
- need to love and be loved by others
- without this people become susceptible to be lonely/anxiety/depression - Esteem Needs:
- internal esteem needs~self respect,confidence, achievement, freedom.
- external esteem needs~recognition, power, status, attention, admiration.
- human desire to be accepted / valued by others - Self-Actualisation Needs
- becoming what you are fully capable of
- fulfilling your potential
- can never fully be satisfied, continual stage as people learn/grow
- realisation of maximum potential
- accepting yourself and others as they are
HOW DOES MASLOW’S PYRAMID WORK?
- lowest levels: most basic human needs
- higher levels: more complex needs
- once a level/stage has been met, can move to the next, ect.
- progressing up pyramid means closer to full potential
- Maslow believed individuals are motivated by unsatisfied needs
WHAT DOES PIAGET BELIEVE?
- children are actively involved in constructing their understanding of the world based on their experiences.
- each child constructs knowledge on their own
- links stages of brain development with appropriate learning experiences
- there are 4 stages (including substages also)
NAME PIAGET’S STAGES AND DESCRIBE THEM:
- Sensorimotor Stage (birth - 2)
- infant trying to make sense of the world
- utilise skills born with to learn more about the environment
- looking, sucking, grasping, listening
- object permanence accomplished in this stage
- includes 6 sub stages! - Preoperational Stage (2-6)
- language development
- egocentrism
- role play and pretending (like playing mummy’s and daddy’s or pretending a broom is a horse) - Concrete Operational Stage (7-11)
- gain better understanding of mental operations
- begin to think logically
- still difficulty with abstract / hypothetical concepts
- conservation - Formal Operational Stage (12-adulthood)
- develop ability to think about abstract concepts
- abstract thought (can consider possible outcomes and consequences without previous experience) and problem solving
EGOCENTRISM : DEFINITION (In relation to what theory?)
In PIAGET’S theory
= children experience difficulty taking on another person’s P.O.V, (unable to; they only see their own.
OBJECT PERMANENCE : DEFINITION (In relation to what theory?)
In PIAGET’S theory
= a child’s understanding that objects continue to exist even though they can’t be seen or heard.
- one of the most important accomplishments in sensorimotor stage.
CONSERVATION : DEFINITION (In relation to what theory?)
In PIAGET’S theory
= ability to determine that a certain quantity will remain the same despite adjustment of appearance (eg: still the same amount of water, even though it has been moved from a huge glass to a tiny cup and appears to be a different amount)
LIST AND EXPLAIN THE SUBSTAGES IN PIAGET’S THEORY:
SENSORIMOTOR STAGE HAS 6 SUBSTAGES
- REFLEXES 0-1 month
- child understands environment purely through reflexes born with - PRIMARY CIRCULAR REACTIONS 1-4 months
- coordinating sensation and new schemas (mental/physical actions involved in understanding/knowing
- eg: baby sucks thumb by accident, later on does it intentionally because it was pleasurable. - SECONDARY CIRCULAR REACTIONS 4-8months
- child becomes more focused on the world
- begins to intentionally repeat action in order to trigger a response in the environment
- eg: child picks up a toy to put in their mouth - COORDINATION OF REACTIONS 8-12 months
- child shows clearly intentional actions
- combines schemas in order to achieve what they want
- imitate the observed behaviours of others
- begin exploring environment around them
- understanding of objects / recognise objects with having certain qualities
- eg: realises a rattle makes a sound when shaken - TERTIARY CIRCULAR REACTIONS 12-18 months
- begin trial and error experimentation
- eg: child tries out different sounds/actions as a way of getting attention - EARLY REPRESENTATIONAL THOUGHT 18-24 months
- move to understanding the world through mental operations rather than just through actions
HOW MANY STAGES ARE THERE IN EACH OF THE THEORISTS THEORIES?
MASLOW : 5 stage pyramid model
PIAGET : 4 stages with 6 sub stages in the first stage
VYGOTSKY : no stages just 4 aspects
ERIKSON : 8 stages
WHAT ARE THE 4 ASPECTS OF VYGOTSKY’S THEORY?
- More Knowledgable Other
- Scaffolding
- Zone of Proximal Development
- Language Development
WHAT IS THE ‘MORE KNOWLEDGABLE OTHER’ IN WHO’S DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY?
In VYGOTSKY’S theory
= someone with a better understanding or higher ability level than the learner
-child learns by copying / understanding what they observe and are taught by the MKO
WHAT IS THE ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT IN WHO’S THEORY?
VYGOTSKYS THEORY
- recognising there are things a child can do and things a child can’t do independently but things they can do with the assistance of someone else.
WHAT IS SCAFFOLDING IN WHO’S THEORY?
VYGOTSKY’S THEORY
= a temporary framework / moving up an imaginary scale through stages by learning and getting better with the assistance of others.
-starting somewhere easy and gradually moving and improving into more complex things
WHAT DOES VYGOTSKY BELIEVE:
- that adults in society foster children’s cognitive / brain development
- believed culture and social interactions are essential to this development
- believes social learning comes before development
- children see things happening around them and they learn from it …eg: see people having a shower or setting the table and they learn how to do this themselves.
WHAT ARE THE 3 FORMS OF LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT’ AND IN WHO’S THEORY?
VYGOTSKYS
Language = most important tool a human can utilise… Is how the mko communicates info to the child.
- Social Speech (external communication people use to talk to others (typical at age 2))
- Private Speech (internal communication that a person directs to themselves - talking to themselves (typical at age 3))
- Silent Inner Speech (private speech diminishes in audibility and becomes a self regulating function (typical at age 7))
WHAT DOES ERIKSON BELIEVE?
- that personality develops in a series of stages
- life span approach
- ego identity
- ego strength / ego quality
STAGES OF ERIKSONS THEORY AND A DESCRIPTION OF EACH STAGE
- TRUST VS MISTRUST (birth - 1)
- totally dependant on others
- caregiver meets needs and child develops trust
- caregiver does not meet needs and child develops mistrust
- if accomplished gives hope, feeling of confidence and belief desires will be satisfied. - AUTONOMY VS SHAME AND DOUBT (early childhood - 3)
- able to show some degree of choice
- develop greater sense of personal control
- sucess = feel secure and confident
- not successful completion of stage = inadequacy and self doubt - INITIATIVE VS GUILT (3-5 ~ preschool years)
- child expresses desire to take initiative in activities
- assert power / control over world through directing play
- sucess = feel capable and able to lead others
- fail = lack of initiative, sense of guilt and self doubt. - INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY (5-11~ early school years)
- develop sense of pride in accomplishments / abilities
- encouraged and congratulated by parents and teachers develops belief in skills
- no encouragement = doubting ability to be successful - IDENTITY VS CONFUSION (12-8 ~ adolescence)
- form ego identity
- developing a sense of self
- sucess = feeling of independence and self control
- failure = insecure, unsure of themselves, confused about themselves and future. - INTIMACY VS ISOLATION (18-35~early adulthood)
- exploring personal relationships
- vital that people develop close and committed relationships with other people
- sucess = secure and committed relationships - GENERATIVITY VS STAGNATION (35-55 ~mature adulthood)
- continue to build lives focusing on career and family
- generativity = active involvement in teaching and guiding the next generation
- sucess: contributing by being active in the home and community
- fail: uninvolved / unproductive in the world - INTEGRITY VS DESPAIR (55+ ~ old age)
- evaluation of entire life / reflecting back
- sucess: feel proud of accomplishments, few regrets, satisfied, wisdom.
- failure: feel like life has been wasted, experience regrets, feeling of bitterness and despair.
WHAT IS EGO IDENTITY AND IN RELATION TO WHOS THEORY?
ERIKSONS
- conscience sense of self we develop through social interaction
- constantly changing due to new experience and info acquired in daily interactions with others
WHAT IS EGO STRENGTH/EGO QUALITY AND IN RELATION TO WHOS THEORY?
ERIKSONS
- when a stage is handled well, will feel a sense of mastery when not, won’t feel complete/positive in the next stage
- each stage is about becoming competent in an area of life
- people experience a conflict in each stage that serves as a turning point in their development
