Theories Of Development

Question 0

Erikson

Answer 0

Psychosocial Stages
Trust vs. Mistrust-birth-1 yr.
Autonomy vs. Shame-1-3 yrs.
Initiative vs. Guilt-preschool
Industry vs. Inferiority-elementary
Identity vs. Identity Confusion-teen
Intimacy vs. Isolation-early adulthood
Generativity vs. Stagnation-adulthood
Integrity vs. Despair-late adulthood

Question 1

Freud

Answer 1

Psychosexual Stages
Oral-birth-1.5 yrs-mouth
Anal-1.5 yrs-3yrs-anus
Phallic-3-6 yrs-genitals
Latency-6 yrs-puberty-repression
Genital-puberty onward-sexual

Question 2

Piaget

Answer 2

Cognitive Developmental Stages
Sensorimotor-birth-2yrs., coordinate sensory experiences with physical actions
Preoperational-2-7yrs., represent the world with words, images, drawings but cannot perform operations
Concrete Operational-7-11yrs., perform operations (internalized mental actions) involving objects with logic and reason
Formal Operational-11yrs.-adulthood, think in abstract & logical terms

Question 3

Vygotsky

Answer 3

Sociocultural Cognitive Theory

emphasizes how cultural and social interactions guide cognitive development

Question 4

Information-Processing Theory

Answer 4

individuals gradually develop increasing capacity for processing info, allowing them to acquire increasingly complex knowledge & skills

Question 5

Skinner

Answer 5

Operant Conditioning
Consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probability of the behavior’s repeated occurrence. Rewards increase likelihood; punishment decreases likelihood.

Question 6

Bandura

Answer 6

Social Cognitive Theory

Cognitive processes have important links with environment and behavior, including learning by watching others.

Question 7

ethology

Answer 7

Behavior is strongly influenced by biology, tied to evolution, characterized by critical or sensitive periods.

Question 8

Lorenz

Answer 8

Studied geese and imprinting during the critical period, ethology

Question 9

Bowlby

Answer 9

Attachment theory, that attachment to primary caregiver has important effects throughout lifespan, ethology

Question 10

ecology

Answer 10

emphasizes environmental factors

Question 11

Bronfenbrenner

Answer 11

Ecological Theory
Development reflects the influence of several environmental systems:
microsystem-setting in which someone lives, family
mesosystem-relations between microsystems, family-to-school
exosystem-links between non-active social setting and person’s immediate context, child affected by mother’s work environment
macrosystem-culture in which someone lives
chronosystem-patterning of environmental events and transitions over the lifespan