Socioemotional Development in Middle & Late Childhood Flashcards
perspective taking
the ability to assume other people’s perspectives and understand their thoughts and feelings
self-esteem
the global evaluative dimension of the self; also referred to as self-worth or self-image
self-concept
domain-specific evaluations of the self
self-efficacy
belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes
Kohlberg’s 3 Levels of Moral Development
1-Preconventional Level/No Internalization
2-Conventional Level/Intermediate Internalization
3-Postconventional Level/Full Internalization
Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
Preconventional
Stage 1-Heterononous Morality
Stage 2-Individualism, Purpose, & Exchange
Conventional
Stage 3-Mutual Interpersonal Expectations, Relationships, and Interpersonal Conformity
Stage 4-Social System Morality
Postconventional
Stage 5-Social Contract or Utility and Individual Rights
Stage 6-Universal Ethical Principles
Preconventional reasoning
lowest level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, moral reasoning controlled primarily by external rewards and punishment
heteronomous morality
Kohlberg’s 1st stage, moral thinking tied to punishment
individualism, instrumental purpose, & exchange
Kohlberg’s 2nd stage, pursue own interests but also let others do the same
conventional reasoning
intermediate level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, abide by certain standards of others (like parents or laws of society)
mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity
Kohlberg’s 3rd stage, value trust, caring, and loyalty to others as basis of moral judgments
social systems morality
Kohlberg’s 4th stage, moral judgments based on understanding the social order, law, justice, & duty
postconventional reasoning
highest level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, recognizes alternative moral courses, explores options, and then decides on personal moral code
social contract or utility and individual rights
Kohlberg’s 5th stage, reason that values, rights, and principles undergird or transcend the law
universal ethical principles
Kohlberg’s 6th stage, develop a moral standard based on universal human rights
justice perspective
moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual; individuals independently make moral decisions (Kohlberg)
care perspective
moral perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness w/others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others (Gilligan)
social conventional reasoning
thoughts about social consensus and convention, in contrast to moral reasoning, which stresses ethical issues
gender stereotypes
broad categories that reflect general impressions and beliefs about males and females
androgyny
presence of positive masculine and feminine characteristics in the same individual
popular children
frequently nominated as a best friend, rarely disliked by peers
average children
receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from peers
neglected children
infrequently named as best friends but not disliked by peers
rejected children
infrequently nominated as best friends and actively disliked by peers
controversial children
frequently named both as best friends and as being disliked
intimacy in friendship
self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts
constructivist approach
learner-centered approach emphasizing importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher
direct instruction approach
structured, teacher-centered approach characterized by teacher direction and control, mastery of academic skills, high expectations for students’ progress, maximum time spent on learning tasks, and efforts to keep negative effect to a minimum
mindset
cognitive view, either fixed or growth, that individuals develop for themselves
