Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

Erickson’s 3rd Stage

Answer 1

initiative vs. guilt, child knows she is a person unto herself but intensely identifies with her primary caregivers

Question 2

self-understanding

Answer 2

representation of self, the substance and content of the child’s self-conceptions

Question 3

self-conscious emotions

Answer 3

pride, shame, embarrassment, guilt, develop with self-awareness around 18 months

Question 4

describing emotion in childhood

Answer 4

between 2-4, children considerably increase the number of terms they use to describe emotion

Question 5

emotion regulation

Answer 5

a child’s ability to manage the demands and conflicts they face in interacting w/others (parent’s empathy=regulating negative emotions well; parents’ warmth=regulating positive emotions well)

Question 6

emotion coaching vs. emotion dismissing

Answer 6

children of emotion-coaching (opportunities to teach them to label emotions and deal with them effectively) parents are better at soothing themselves when they get upset

Question 7

moral development

Answer 7

development of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people

Question 8

perspective taking

Answer 8

ability to discern another person’s inner psychological states, close to empathy, contributes to a child’s moral development

Question 9

heteronomous morality

Answer 9

Piaget’s 1st stage of moral development, 4-7 years, children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties in the world, removed from the control of people

Question 10

autonomous morality

Answer 10

Piaget’s 2nd stage of moral development (following transition), 10 years and up, children become aware that rules and laws are created by people, and in judging an action they consider the actor’s intentions as well as consequences

Question 11

immanent justice

Answer 11

heteronomous morality, concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately b/c violation is automatically connected w/punishment

Question 12

conscience

Answer 12

internal regulation of standards of right and wrong that involves an integration of all three components of moral development: moral though, feeling, and behavior

Question 13

gender identity

Answer 13

sense of one’s own gender, including knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male or female

Question 14

gender roles

Answer 14

sets of expectations that prescribe how males or females should think, act, & feel

Question 15

gender typing

Answer 15

acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

Question 16

biological influences of gender development

Answer 16

chromosomes (23rd pair XX or XY), hormones such as estrogens and androgens (testosterone)

Question 17

social role theory

Answer 17

Eagly, gender differences result from contrasting roles of women and men

Question 18

psychoanalytic theory of gender

Answer 18

Freud, sexual attraction to opposite-sex parent (Oedipus and Electra complexes) yields in 5-6 year olds to an identification w/same-sex parent

Question 19

social cognitive theory of gender

Answer 19

gender development occurs through observing and imitating what other people say and do, as well as rewards for gender-appropriate behavior and punishments for gender-inappropriate behavior

Question 20

gender schema theory

Answer 20

gender-typing emerges as children gradually develop gender schemas of what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture

Question 21

schema

Answer 21

cognitive structure, network of associations that guide an individual’s perceptions

Question 22

Baumrind’s Parenting Styles

Answer 22

authoritarian-restrictive, punitive, exhorting child to follow directions and respecting work and effort
authoritative-encouraging to independence but with limits and controls, warm & nurturant
neglectful-uninovlved, children socially incompetence w/ lack of self-control
indulgent-highly involved but w/few demands/controls, children socially incompetent w/lack of self-control

Question 23

types of child maltreatment

Answer 23

physical abuse, child neglect, sexual abuse, emotional abuse

Question 24

3 important characteristics of sibling relationships

Answer 24

1. emotional quality of the relationship
2. familiarity and intimacy of the relationship
3. variation in sibling relationships

Question 25

role of play in development

Answer 25

Vygotsky-play is child’s work, play is excellent setting for cognitive development
Piaget-play advances child’s cognitive development, but also child’s cognitive development constrains the way s/he plays

Question 26

sensorimotor play

Answer 26

behavior by infants to derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor skills

Question 27

practice play

Answer 27

repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical/mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports

Question 28

pretense/symbolic play

Answer 28

child transforms physical environment into a symbol

Question 29

social play

Answer 29

involves interaction w/peers

Question 30

constructive play

Answer 30

combines sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic representation

Question 31

games

Answer 31

activities that children engage in for pleasure and that have rules