Physical & Cognitive Development in Middle-Late Childhood

Question 1

learning disability

Answer 1

difficulty in learning involving understanding or using spoken or written language, that can appear as listening, thinking, reading, writing, spelling, or even math, that is not due to physical disabilities, mental retardation, or emotional disorders, or to environmental disadvantage

Question 2

dyslexia

Answer 2

severe impairment in the ability to read and spell

Question 3

dysgraphia

Answer 3

difficulty in handwriting

Question 4

dyscalculia

Answer 4

developmental arithmetic disorder in the area of math computation

Question 5

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Answer 5

disability in which children consistently show one or more of the following characteristics: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

Question 6

emotional and behavioral disorders

Answer 6

serious, persistent problems that involve relationships, aggression, depression, and fears associated with personal or school matters, as well as other inappropriate socioemotional characteristics

Question 7

autism spectrum disorders

Answer 7

a.k.a. pervasive developmental disorders, range from autistic disorder to Asperger syndrom, characterized by problems in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors

Question 8

autistic disorder

Answer 8

severe developmental autism spectrum disorder that has its onset in the first three years of life and includes deficiencies in social relationships, abnormalities in communication, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior

Question 9

Asperger syndrome

Answer 9

mild autism spectrum disorder w/relatively good verbal language, milder nonverbal language problems, and restricted range of interests and relationships, but obsessive repetitive routines and preoccupations with a particular subject

Question 10

IEP

Answer 10

Individualized Education Plan, written statement that spells out a program specifically tailored for the student with the disability

Question 11

LRE

Answer 11

Least Restrictive Environment, setting that is as similar as possible for the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated

Question 12

inclusion

Answer 12

educating a child with special education needs full-time in the regular classroom

Question 13

concrete operational stage

Answer 13

Piaget, lasts from 7-11 years, can perform concrete operations (mental actions that are reversible) such as conservation and can reason logically as long as reasoning can be applied to specific or concrete examples, seriation

Question 14

seriation

Answer 14

ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension

Question 15

transitivity

Answer 15

ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions

Question 16

neo-Piagetians

Answer 16

argue that while Piaget got some things right, his theory needs considerable revision, including children’s use of strategies, processing speed, particular task involved, division of problems into smaller, more precise steps

Question 17

long-term memory

Answer 17

relatively permanent type of memory that holds huge amounts of info for a long period of time

Question 18

fuzzy trace theory

Answer 18

memory is best understood by considering two types of memory representations:

1. verbatim memory trace
2. gist

Question 19

critical thinking

Answer 19

thinking reflectively and productively, evaluating evidence

Question 20

mindfulness

Answer 20

being alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible while going through life’s everyday activities and tasks

Question 21

creative thinking

Answer 21

the ability to think in novel and unusual ways to come up with unique solutions to problems

Question 22

convergent thinking

Answer 22

produces one correct answer, required on conventional intelligence tests

Question 23

divergent thinking

Answer 23

produces many answers to the same question, creativity

Question 24

metacognition

Answer 24

thinking about thinking, knowing about knowing

Question 25

metamemory

Answer 25

knowledge about memory

Question 26

brainstorming

Answer 26

technique in which people are encouraged to come up with creative ideas in a group, play off of each other’s ideas, and say practically whatever comes to mind that seems relevant to a particular issue

Question 27

intelligence

Answer 27

ability to solve problems and to adapt and learn from experiences

Question 28

individual differences

Answer 28

the stable, consistent ways in which people are different from each other, such as personality and intelligence

Question 29

binet

Answer 29

French psychologist who developed IQ tests

Question 30

mental age

Answer 30

individual’s level of mental development relative to others

Question 31

IQ

Answer 31

intelligence quotient, person’s mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100

Question 32

normal distribution

Answer 32

symmetrical, majority of scores falling in middle of possible range and few scores appearing toward extremes

Question 33

Wechsler scales

Answer 33

another intelligence test that provides not only overall IQ score but also composite indexes

Question 34

triarchic theory of intelligence

Answer 34

Sternberg, intelligence comes in 3 forms:

1. analytical-analyze, judge, evaluate, compare/contrast
2. creative-create, design, invent, originate, imagine
3. practical-use, apply, implement, put ideas into practice

Question 35

Gardner’s 8 Frames of MInd

Answer 35

verbal, mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist

Question 36

culture-fair tests

Answer 36

tests of intelligence that are intended to be free of cultural bias

Question 37

mental retardation

Answer 37

condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ, usually below 70 on a traditional intelligence test, and has difficulty adapting to everyday life

Question 38

organic retardation

Answer 38

mental retardation that is caused by a genetic disorder or brain damage

Question 39

cultural-familial retardation

Answer 39

retardation that is characterized by no evidence of organic brain damage, but the individual’s IQ is generally between 50 and 70

Question 40

gifted

Answer 40

having above-average intelligence (IQ of 130 or higher) and/or superior talent for something

1. precocity-begin to master an area earlier, effortlessly
2. march to their own drummer
3. passion to master

Question 41

metalinguistic awareness

Answer 41

knowledge about language

Question 42

whole-language approach

Answer 42

stresses that reading instruction should parallel children’s natural language learning

Question 43

phonics approach

Answer 43

reading instruction should teach basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds