Theories of Development

Question 1

Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development

Answer 1

1. Trust vs. Mistrust
2. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
3. Initiative vs. guilt
4. Industry vs. Inferiority
5. Identity vs. Role confusion
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation
8. Integrity vs. Despair

Question 2

Erikson’s first stage

Answer 2

Trust vs. Mistrust
- 1-18 months
- if needs are dependably met by caregivers, infants develop a sense of basic trust

Question 3

Erikson’s second stage

Answer 3

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
- 1-3 years (toddlerhood)
- Learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities

Question 4

Erikson’s third stage

Answer 4

Initiative vs. Guilt
- 3-6 years (preschool)
- Learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent.

Question 5

Erikson’s fourth stage

Answer 5

Industry vs. Inferiority (6 years to puberty- elementary school)
- learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they eel inferior

Question 6

Erikson’s fifth stage

Answer 6

Identity vs. Role confusion (teens into 20’s- adolescence)
- work at refining a sense of self by resting roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are

Question 7

Erikson’s 6th stage

Answer 7

Intimacy vs. isolation (20s to early 40s- young adulthood)
- struggle to form close relationship and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated

Question 8

Erikson’s seventh stage

Answer 8

Generativity vs. stagnation (40s-60s- middle adulthood)
- discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose

Question 9

Erikson’s eighth stage

Answer 9

integrity vs. despair (60+ - late adulthood)
- reflecting on their life, an older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure

Question 10

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

Answer 10

1. Sensorimotor
2. Pre-operational
3. Concrete operational
4. Formal operation

Question 11

Piaget’s first stage

Answer 11

sensorimotor
- 0-2
- child learns by doing: looking, touching, sucking. primitive understanding of cause and effect; object permanence appears around 9 months

Question 12

Piaget’s second stage

Answer 12

Pre-operational
- 2-7
- child uses language and symbols, including letters and numbers. Egocentrism is also evident; conservation marks the end of the pre-operational stage and the beginning of concrete operations

Question 13

Piaget’s third stage

Answer 13

concrete operations
- 7-11
- child demonstrates conservation, reversibility, serial ordering, and a mature understanding of cause and effect relationships. Thinking is still concrete and not flexible.

Question 14

Piaget’s fourth stage

Answer 14

Formal operations
-12+
- individual demonstrates abstract thinking, including logic, deductive reasoning, comparison, and classification. ABSTRACT REASONING

Question 15

Piaget’s three stages of play

Answer 15

1. functional play (sensorimotor and exploration)
2. symbolic play (constructive concepts as well as pretend play activities)
3. games with rules

Question 16

Piaget’s stages of play expanded by Smilansky

Answer 16

1. functional play (1-2 i.e. sensorimotor)- explore using senses
2. constructive play (3-5 i.e. preoperational)- children take objects they have explored and use them with purpose
3. Symbolic/fantasy play (2-7 i.e. preoperational)- incorporate objects into pretend play- more advanced is role-playing
4. Games with rules (7-11 i.e. concrete operational)- children can understand and follow different types of rules

Question 17

Parten’s theory of play

Answer 17

Two primary categories of play:

1. Non-social play: unoccupied, solitary, and onlooker
2. Social play: parallel, associative, and cooperative

Question 18

Parten’s 6 stages of play

Answer 18

1. Unoccupied play: 0-3 months; children move their bodies and explore the world
2. Solitary play: 3 months-2.5 years; focused and sustained play with an object
3. Spectator/onlooker play: 2.5 years-3.5 years; watching others play but will not engage
4. Parallel play: 3.4 -4 years; play with the same materials or in the same area as other children but focused on their own play
5. Associative play: 4-4.5 years; children will engage socially with other players and may share materials but each is doing their own thing
6. Cooperative play: 4.5 years+; children play together with a common goal.