Theories of Development Flashcards
Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development
- Trust vs. Mistrust
- Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
- Initiative vs. guilt
- Industry vs. Inferiority
- Identity vs. Role confusion
- Intimacy vs. Isolation
- Generativity vs. Stagnation
- Integrity vs. Despair
Erikson’s first stage
Trust vs. Mistrust
- 1-18 months
- if needs are dependably met by caregivers, infants develop a sense of basic trust
Erikson’s second stage
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
- 1-3 years (toddlerhood)
- Learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities
Erikson’s third stage
Initiative vs. Guilt
- 3-6 years (preschool)
- Learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent.
Erikson’s fourth stage
Industry vs. Inferiority (6 years to puberty- elementary school)
- learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they eel inferior
Erikson’s fifth stage
Identity vs. Role confusion (teens into 20’s- adolescence)
- work at refining a sense of self by resting roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are
Erikson’s 6th stage
Intimacy vs. isolation (20s to early 40s- young adulthood)
- struggle to form close relationship and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated
Erikson’s seventh stage
Generativity vs. stagnation (40s-60s- middle adulthood)
- discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose
Erikson’s eighth stage
integrity vs. despair (60+ - late adulthood)
- reflecting on their life, an older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure
Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
- Sensorimotor
- Pre-operational
- Concrete operational
- Formal operation
Piaget’s first stage
sensorimotor
- 0-2
- child learns by doing: looking, touching, sucking. primitive understanding of cause and effect; object permanence appears around 9 months
Piaget’s second stage
Pre-operational
- 2-7
- child uses language and symbols, including letters and numbers. Egocentrism is also evident; conservation marks the end of the pre-operational stage and the beginning of concrete operations
Piaget’s third stage
concrete operations
- 7-11
- child demonstrates conservation, reversibility, serial ordering, and a mature understanding of cause and effect relationships. Thinking is still concrete and not flexible.
Piaget’s fourth stage
Formal operations
-12+
- individual demonstrates abstract thinking, including logic, deductive reasoning, comparison, and classification. ABSTRACT REASONING
Piaget’s three stages of play
- functional play (sensorimotor and exploration)
- symbolic play (constructive concepts as well as pretend play activities)
- games with rules
Piaget’s stages of play expanded by Smilansky
- functional play (1-2 i.e. sensorimotor)- explore using senses
- constructive play (3-5 i.e. preoperational)- children take objects they have explored and use them with purpose
- Symbolic/fantasy play (2-7 i.e. preoperational)- incorporate objects into pretend play- more advanced is role-playing
- Games with rules (7-11 i.e. concrete operational)- children can understand and follow different types of rules
Parten’s theory of play
Two primary categories of play:
- Non-social play: unoccupied, solitary, and onlooker
- Social play: parallel, associative, and cooperative
Parten’s 6 stages of play
- Unoccupied play: 0-3 months; children move their bodies and explore the world
- Solitary play: 3 months-2.5 years; focused and sustained play with an object
- Spectator/onlooker play: 2.5 years-3.5 years; watching others play but will not engage
- Parallel play: 3.4 -4 years; play with the same materials or in the same area as other children but focused on their own play
- Associative play: 4-4.5 years; children will engage socially with other players and may share materials but each is doing their own thing
- Cooperative play: 4.5 years+; children play together with a common goal.
