Cognition, psychosocial, and play progression

Question 1

Cognitive skills 0-8 months

Answer 1

0-1 month:
- Piaget Sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2)
- innate reflexes used to interact with the environment (sucking, gripping, and touching)

2-3 months:
- Piaget Sensorimotor stage
- learns about cause/effect as a result of reflexive motor patterns that are then repeated for enjoyment

4-5 months:
- Piaget Sensorimotor
- further awareness of cause and effect as voluntary movement patterns and eye hand coordination emerge

6-8 months
- 8 months object permanence starts to emerge
- infant anticipates spoon or bottle
- starts to form habits

Question 2

Cognitive Skills 9-12 months

Answer 2

• increased organization and sequencing of scheme to do desired activity
• may have difficulty attending to event outside visual space
• begins to display particular behaviors to elicit a known reaction

Question 3

Cognitive skills 12-18 months

Answer 3

• recruits help of an adult, attempts to activate a simple mechanisms
• approaches new challenges
• recognizes function of objects; relates objects
• experiments and actively solves problems

Question 4

Cognitive skills 18-24 months

Answer 4

Piaget pre-operational stage
- symbolic representations
-imitates, copies
- child begins to think before acting
- child begins to replace trial and error with thought process
- child can predict effects
- child matches simple shapes into shape sorter

Question 5

Cognitive skills 2 years

Answer 5

Piaget pre-operational stage (age 2-7)
- begins to relate experiences and see relationships between experiences

Question 6

Cognitive skills 2.5 years

Answer 6

• demonstrates imitation of short sequences of occupation

Question 7

Cognitive skills 3 years

Answer 7

• child can organize objects by size, and build a structure from a mental image

Question 8

Cognitive skills four years

Answer 8

• child can build involved structures combining various planes, along with symmetrical designs
• child is able to utilize spatial awareness, cause-and-effect, and mental images in problem-solving.

Question 9

Cognitive skills 5 years

Answer 9

-child explores combination of actions on multiple objects
- child begins to master skills
- can reason through simple problems

Question 10

Cognitive skills 6- 9 years

Answer 10

Concrete operational stage (7-11 years)
- develops abstract reasoning
- can perform mental operation without working them out physcially
-flexible problem-solving
- can solve complex problems

Question 11

Cognitive skills 10-12 years

Answer 11

Formal operation stage (piaget)- ages 11+
- begins to use formal, logical operations during schoolwork
- begins to form own thoughts and views

Question 12

Cognitive skills 13-14 years

Answer 12

Formal operations stage
- makes plans
- begins to think about the long-term future

Question 13

Cognitive skills 14+ years

Answer 13

Piaget- formal operations
- begins to think more about global concepts
- begins to focus on adult role, begins to make career plans

• these thought patterns progress from operational thought involving fantasies to the later formal operational stage which transforms fantasies into realistic thoughts and attainable goals

Question 14

Psychosocial skills 0-8 months

Answer 14

Erikson- trust vs. mistrust (0-18 months)
- 1 month: infant realizes that survival and comfort will be met
- 3 months: develops body scheme
- 4-5 months: engages in interactive routines and continues in developing body scheme
- 6-8 months: recognizes strangers and emerging sense of self

Question 15

Psychosocial skills 12-18 months

Answer 15

Has interest in watching family routines (still in Erikson’s trust vs. mistrust stage)

Question 16

Psychosocial skills 18-24 months

Answer 16

Erikson- autonomy vs. doubt and shame (18 months-3 years)
- child recognizes that he/she can control bodily actions

Question 17

psychosocial skills 2 years

Answer 17

autonomy vs. doubt and shame (Erikson)
- begins to assert their IND

Question 18

Psychosocial skills 2.5 years

Answer 18

-expresses wants verbally
- has increasing desire to copy peers; looks to adults to see if they appreciate success in an occupation; interested in household routines

Question 19

Psychosocial skills 3 years

Answer 19

Erikson- initiative vs. guilt (3-5 years)
- child gains social skills and a gender role identity
- a sense of purpose is integrated into personality

Question 20

Psychosocial skills 4 years

Answer 20

Erikson (initiative vs. guilt)
- child gains sense of security through peers
- sense of mastery over activities
- feeling of competency integrated into personality

Question 21

Psychosocial skills 5 years

Answer 21

Erikson- industry vs. inferiority (5-12 years)
- has friends
- demonstrates an understanding of the feelings of others

Question 22

Psychosocial skills 6-9 years

Answer 22

6 years:
- industry vs. inferiority (Erikson)
- practices skills to become better
- enjoys many activities and stays busy
- Co-operates and shares

7-9 years:
- industry vs. inferiority
- cooperative, less egocentric
- can regulate behavior
- becoming interested in boy-girl relationships, but does not admit it

Question 23

Psychosocial skills 10-12 years

Answer 23

• industry vs. inferiority (Erikson)
• begins to questions authority

Question 24

Psychosocial skills 13-14 years

Answer 24

• identity vs. role confusion
• begins to develop own identity, own self-concept
• self-esteem directly related to self-concept
• begins to develop empathy

Question 25

psychosocial skills 14+ years

Answer 25

• identity vs. role confusion (Erikson)
• recognizes and manages emotions
• resolves conflicts in a positive way
• may develop idealistic views, intolerance of opposing views

Question 26

Play skills 0-3 months

Answer 26

• unoccupied play (birth-three months)
• solitary play (birth-2 years)

Question 27

Play skills 3-5 months

Answer 27

Exploratory play
- explores objects and people
- engages in play
- plays with caregivers during meals (4-5 months)

Question 28

Play skills 6-8 months

Answer 28

• uses familiar actions initially with haphazard variation; seeks novelty

Question 29

play skills 9-12 months

Answer 29

• prefers to act on objects rather than being a passive observer

Question 30

Play skills 12-18 months

Answer 30

symbolic play
- make believe play with increased use of non-realistic play objects in pretending
- internalizes standards for how to play with objects

Question 31

Play skills 18-24 months

Answer 31

Symbolic play
- child increased use of non-realistic objects in pretending
- child has inanimate objects perform familiar activities

Question 32

play skills 2 years

Answer 32

• spectator/onlooker behavior
• symbolic play

Question 33

Play skills 2.5 years

Answer 33

parallel play (2+ years)

Question 34

Play skills 3 years

Answer 34

• Associate play (3-4 years)
• Symbolic play: child is mostly involved in parallel play but is becoming more cooperative

Question 35

Play skills 4 years

Answer 35

-Cooperative play (4+ years)

• Creative play: child engages in sensory, motor, cognitive, and social play experiences in which skills are refined

Question 36

Play skills 5 years

Answer 36

Creative play
- role plays based on theme from the real world
- plays games with rules

Question 37

Play skills 6 years

Answer 37

Peer play
- plays in groups
- may have a best friend

Question 38

Play skills 7-14 + years

Answer 38

Social play
- peers take importance in play
- talking and joking during play