Theories of Development Flashcards
Positive Characteristic gained during Trust vs Mistrust
Hope
Positive Characteristic gained during Autonomy vs Shame&Doubt
Will
Positive Characteristic gained during Initiative Versus Guilt
Purpose
Positive Characteristic gained during Industry versus Inferiority
Competence
Positive Characteristic gained during Intimacy versus Isolation
Love
Positive Characteristic gained during Identity vs Role Confusion
Fidelity
Positive Characteristic gained during Generaltivity vs Stagnation
Care
Positive Characteristic gained during Ego Integrity Versus Despair
Wisdom
Classical conditioning
- John Watson said that you could turn a kid into anything with the right enviornment. Behaviors means behavior changes because of enviornment. Classical Conditioning is the set of principles that explain the processes through which organisms aquire new signals for existing behavior.
Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
- positive reinforcement increases behaivor
- positive punishment decreases behaivor
- negative reinforcement weakens behaivior
- positive reinforcement strengthens behavior
- partial reinforcement eventually strengthens behavior and it takes a long time, but it eventually makes it very resistant to extinction (because they bcum like a gambler)
Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory
- Behaiviors are learned when a child pays attention to and remembers an observed action. (called observational learning). The behaivior is repeated when the observer is physically able to repeat it, and motivated to.
Piaget’s 4 principles of cognitive development
Schemes- the basic motor and mental functions, that allow us to do all greater functions (to grasp you use your grasping scheme)
Assimilation- is the process of using schemes to make sense of expierences. (A baby who grasps a toy assimilates it to his grasping scheme)
Accomodation- changing a scheme given new information (The second time a baby goes to grasp a square object, they will adjust the shape of their hand)
Equilibration- balancing assimilation- and accomodation to create schemes that fit the environment (A baby learning the difference between the things they should and shouldn’t put in their mouth)
Piaget’s 4 stages of development
- sensorimotorstage: uses senses to operate in world
- preoperational stage: uses symbols and simple logic to operate
- concrete operational stage: uses logic to operate
- formal operational stage: uses abstract principles to operate
Vygotsky Sociocultural theory
- child learns through social interactions. For max learning: A child in the proximal zone of development (means they can’t do it on there own, but can with help) is taught/guided by a more skilled other
Information Processining Theory
Senorsory experience goes into sensory memory. If you pay attention to it it goes to your short-term memory. Prior knowledge can then be called up from the long term memory.
- some developmentalists use this to explain Piaget’s stages. Their theories are called neo-Piagetian theories
