Study Guide Flashcards
What are the characteristics of children’s thought during Piaget’s preoperational stage?
Early Symbol Use
Proficient Symbol Use
Egocentrism
Centration
Limited Conservation Ability
Conservation and Transformation
How does fast-mapping help children learn new words?
The kid hears the word and makes hypothesis about what it means from context. Kid then uses the word, and uses feedback from others to test hypotheses.
What is phonological awareness, and why is it important?
Phonological awareness: a child’s sensitivity to the sound patterns that are specific to the language being acquired. It also includes the child’s knowledge of of that particular language’s system for representing sounds with letters
LO 8.3 (8.2.1) How does temperament change in early childhood?
Learns how environment reacts to their temperament and turns into personality
Psychoanalytic Explanations for Gender (Freud)
- Kid needs to resolve Oedipus or Electra conflict so they must identify with the same sex parent.
Social-Learning Explanations to gender (Bandura)
Parents shape gender development by reinforcement.
Cognitive Development Explanation to gender
Logical steps to developing gender. Kohlberg’s proposal: Gender identity, gender stability, gender constancy
LO 8.9 (8.4.2) How does the Authoritarian parenting style affect children’s development?
(High demands low warmth): Kids have low self esteem, poorer social skills, may be aggressive
LO 8.9 (8.4.2) How does the Authoritative parenting style affect children’s development?
(High demands, high warmth) Children have high self-esteem, good social skills, good academic performance, more compliant and respectful
LO 8.9 (8.4.2) How does the Permissive parenting style affect children’s development?
(Low demands, high warmth) Children lack maturity, show poorer academic performance, may be aggressive, do not take responsibility for actions
Uninvolved type
Low demands, low warmth: Children lack social skills, are impulsive and antisocial, have disturbed social relationships
LO 8.15 (8.6.2) What types of aggression do children display during early childhood?
Physical, Verbal, Instrumental (to get something), Hostile (to hurt someone or gain advantage)
LO 8.16 (8.6.3) How do prosocial behavior and friendship patterns change during early childhood?
prosocial behavior tends to increase (except for comforting which declines)
In what ways does the brain change during these middlechildhood?
2 major brain growth sperts (6-8 and 10-12). Sensory and motor areas grow. Myelination continues. Better selective attention, information processing speed, spatial perception, right-left orientation, and spatial cognition
What are the three most important health hazards for 6- to 12-year-olds?
Injuries, Athsma, EXcessive Weight Gain
What is horizontal decalage, and how does Siegler explain concrete operational thinking?
ignifies inconsistent performance in problems requiring the same cognitive process(es).
How do children’s information processing skills improve during middle childhood?
- myelination of neurons in association areas
- Processing efficiency, automaticity, executive and strategic processes, expertise
How did the psychoanalytic theorists characterize the middle childhood years?
Freud: Conflict with peers
ERikson: Industry vs inferiority
What are the features of the psychological self?
Personality traits, self efficacy
How does self-esteem develop?
Influencing factors: Social self assessment, Support from parents and peers, external influences
How do children in Piaget’s moral realism and moral relativism stages reason about
right and wrong?
moral realism: kids listen to authority figures and try to avoid punishment
Moral relativism: Rules can be changed in some situations
LO 10.9 (10.4.3) In what ways do boys and girls interact during the middle childhood years?
Gender self-segregation
What factors contribute to resilience and vulnerability among poor children?
Protective factors: high IQ, presence of intellectually stimulating toys and activities,
Vulnerabilities: parent with alcoholism
LO 10.13 (10.6.2) How does television affect children’s development?
Negative: violent tv could lead kids to becoming violent
Positive: educational tv could lead to kids learning
