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Semester 3 FS Exam 4 > Theories of Aging > Flashcards

Theories of Aging Flashcards

1
Q

Aging

A

Gradual and spontaneous changes that occur in maturation from infant to young adult - these changes create a normal physiologic decline seen in middle and late adulthood

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2
Q

Senescence

A

To grow old
The way scientists approach changes associated with aging
A degenerative process

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3
Q

Most health care dollars are spent on

A

managing diseases

5% healthcare dollars –> preventative care in 2015

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4
Q

Ageism

A

Can be seen as a process of systematic stereotyping of and discrimination against people because they are old

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5
Q

Old people are stereotypically chategorized as

A

Senile, rigid in thought and manner, old fashioned in morality and skills

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6
Q

Primary Aging

A

Aging that is independent of disease and environmental influences (intrinsic aging)
Determined by genetics

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7
Q

Secondary Aging

A

Aging superimposed upon genetic environment (extrinsic aging)
Changes due to environment and disease
May be modified

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8
Q

Aging (1/3..)

A

1/3 disease + 1/3 disuse + 1/3 normal aging

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9
Q

Aging - decreased

A

homeostatic reserve
less ability to restore baseline function
major loss leads to immobility

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10
Q

Aging - dec homeostatic reserve - consequences

A

inc dependence
inc risk of falls
inc types of aging

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11
Q

Disease vs. Normal aging (5) - Peola Timiras

A
  1. Aging is universal process shared by all living organisms
  2. Aging is intrinsic, dependent on genetic factors where disease is intrinsic or extrinsic
  3. Aging is always progressive where disease may progress or regress
  4. Aging is always deleterious whereas disease is occasionally deleterious
  5. Aging is irreversible where disease can be treated
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12
Q

Age related changes

A

Changes associated with aging through adulthood into age are gradual

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13
Q

Adults and aging rate

Factors impact aging

A

Adults age at different rates

Unique combination for each individual of biological, social, economic, psychological factors impacting aging

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14
Q

Factors affecting rate of aging - Biological changes

A

Changes in anatomy/physiology
Usually first to be noticed
Used to stereotype person as old

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15
Q

Theories of aging

A

No universally accepted theory

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16
Q

2 categories of aging theories

A

Programmed theories - aging as internal biological clock
Error theories - aging is result of internal and external assaults that damage cells or organs so they can no longer function properly

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17
Q

Programmed theories

A

Hayflick limit theory
Telomere theory
Endocrine/Hormonal Theory
Immunologic Theory

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18
Q

Hayflick Limit Theory

A

Aging is intrinsic - cells can only divide so many times and then shut off/die
Accumulation of improper functioning cells are responsible for aging
Dec DNA

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19
Q

Telomeric Theory

A

Cells keep track of their age through shortening of telomeres
Creates gap where end of chromosome can’t be copied
Telomere shortening alters expression of other genes which enables detrimental genes to become active

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20
Q

Telomeric theory - shorted telomere are found in

A 
Atherosclerosis
Heart disease 
Hepatitis
Cirhosis
Cancer - cancer cells have telomerase which can fill the gaps so they continue to develop and divide
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21
Q

Endocrine/Hormone Theory

A

Functional decrements in neurons and their associated hormones impact aging - effect growth, metabolism, temp, inflammation, and stress

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22
Q

Immunologic Theory

A

Decline in immune system
Inc vulnerability to disease, aging, death
Immune system is coded overtime to erode

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23
Q

Error theories

A 
Somatic Mutation theory
Wear and Tear theory 
Rate of Living theory 
Cross Linking 
Free Radical
24
Q

Somatic Mutation Theory

A

Accumulation of harmful factors injure genes

Environmental factors like radiation, toxic chemicals, free radicals

25
Q

Wear and Tear Theory

A

Cells, organs and tissues gradually wear out over continued use
Overcomes the bodies capacity for maintenance and repair
Viewed as result of aging, not the cause of it

26
Q

Rate of living theory

A

Inverse correlation between basal metabolic rate and longevity
The greater the basal metabolic rate, the shorter the life span

27
Q

Cross linking

A

The accumulation of cross linked proteins damage cells and tissues
Slows down the bodily processes and functions
Leads to loss of flexibility of CT, microvascular changes in arteries, lungs, tendons

28
Q

Free radical theory

A

any atom or molecule that has an unpaired electron in the outer ring
Damages DNA, proteins, Lipids
Theory is that the FR grabs an electron from any molecule in the vicinity and damages the other molecule

29
Q

What can we do - skin aging

A

Be careful with sun exposure and wear sunscreen

30
Q

What can we do - Osteoporosis

A

Weight bearing, exercise, diet

31
Q

What can we do - Serum cholesterol

A

Diet, weight control, exercise

32
Q

What can we do - Glucose tolerance

A

Weight control, exercise, diet

33
Q

What can we do - Memory

A

Training, practice

34
Q

What can we do - Intelligence tests

A

Training, practice

35
Q

What can we do - Social ability

A

Practice

36
Q

What can we do - Cardiac reserve

A

Exercise, nonsmokign

37
Q

What can we do - Systolic BP

A

Limit salt, weight control, exercise

38
Q

What can we do - Physical endurance

A

Exercise, weight control

39
Q

What can we do - Physical strength

A

Exercise

40
Q

What can we do - Pulmonary reserve

A

Exercise, nonsmoking

41
Q

What can we do - Reaction time

A

Training, practice

42
Q

What can we do - Dental decay

A

Prophylaxis, diet

43
Q

Unique aspects of the older person

A

Have diff types and numbers of diseases
Have altered reactions to disease
Have altered response to tx
Have unique qualities

44
Q

Diff types and numbers of diseases

A

No single dx
Accumulation of non-lethal dx
Serious degenerative dx
Coexistence of normal age changes with pathology

45
Q

Aged have altered reactions to disease

A 
Altered presentation of dx - tendon reflexes, pain perception
Inc mental disturbance (what do you expect at my age)
Inc mortality (inability to maintain homeostasis)
46
Q

Altered presentations

A 
Presentation in wrong system
Depression without sadness
Mass without sx
Silent infection
Silent surgical abdomen
MI without chest pain
Non-dyspneic pulmonary edema
Nonspecific presentations
Brain altered functioning
47
Q

Explanation for altered presentation in aged

A 
Altered central processing
Inc negativity
Fear of illness, tx, hospitalization, loss of ind
Fear promotes denial
Ignorance of body changes
Loss of peripheral sens
Depression
48
Q

Factors influencing presentation of disease

A

Misconception of what is normal aging
Diff physiologic response to disease
Effect of multiple chronic diseases
Polypharmacy

49
Q

Why doesn’t aged adult seek medical help

A 
Fear of hospitalization
Fear of unpleasant investigations
Fear of treatment
Risk of being put in res. care
Lack of info
Imagining sx not amendable to tx
Low health expectations
Failure to recognize the problem
50
Q

Aged adult has altered response to treatments

A 
Inc vulnerability to drug effects
Dec ability to compensate
Tx interactions
Drug effects
Aging complicates acute and chronic illness
51
Q

Focus of care for the aged adult - Management of disability -

A

Focus on function and then diagnosis
Care before cure
Independence before freedom from disease
Interdisciplinary

52
Q

Iatrogenesis

A

Harm to patient caused by professional treatment

53
Q

Major causes of iatrogenesis

A

Relocation which contributes to disruption, confusion, falling, anorexia, malnutrition
Drugs
Hospitalization

54
Q

Causes of increased dependence

A

Geriatric syndromes - common final pathways manifest in multi organ system failure
Confusion, falls, dizziness, immobility, incontinence, fatigue, weight loss, dementia, delirium, hearing or visual impairment…

55
Q

Red flags in geriatric care

A 
Functional decline
Loss of appetite
Mood changes
Social withdrawal
Failure to thrive
56
Q

Acute illness in aged adult

A 
Aging itself 
Atypical presentation of dx
Affect of patient
Advance directives
Bleeding
Baseline
Balance
Bowel and bladder
57
Q

Acute illness in aged adult can be caused by

A 
Change
Confusion
Complications as presenting feature 
Caregivers
Dx
Drugs
Dehydration
Diarrhea
Discharge from hospital

Semester 3 FS Exam 4 (11 decks)

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