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Semester 3 FS Exam 4 > System Changes > Flashcards

System Changes Flashcards

1
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Flexible disk shaped cells filled with hemoglobin

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2
Q

What do erythrocytes do

A

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide through blood stream

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3
Q

Erythrocytes - life span

A

120 days

Produced at rate of 2 million per second

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4
Q

RBC changes

A 
Dec cell size
Inc cell density (dec lipid content)
Dec enzymes 
Less reversible deforamation 
Loss of elasticity
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5
Q

RBC changes - concerns for geriatrics

A 
Anemia 
- not a single disease
- affects other systems
- measured by hemoglobin and hematocrit
Will fatigue easily and look a little pale
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6
Q

Most common forms of anemia

A

Hypoproliferative anemia

Ineffective erythropoiesis

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7
Q

Hypoproliferative anemia

A

Lower rate of RBC production in bone marrow and will impact the hematocrit

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8
Q

Common causes of hypoproliferative anemia

A

Low iron

Inflammation

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9
Q

Most common forms of anemia - Ineffective erythropoiesis

A

Damage to the RBC after it leaves the bone marrow

Vit B 12 deficiency

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10
Q

Net effect of changes in RBCs

A

Dec toelrance of exercise
Stress on tissue and organs
Dec cognition

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11
Q

To be immune from something is to be

A

protected from it

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12
Q

Development of immunity requires

A

one to be exposed, results in mild illness, recover and then when exposed again have immunological memory

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13
Q

Two processes to develop immunological memory

A

Humoral mediated

Cell mediated

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14
Q

Humoral mediated memory

A

Antibodies circulate through the blood (humor)
Bind foreign organism
Helper T lymphocyte cells activate B cells - produce memory for immunity
Diminishes with age

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15
Q

Cell mediated memory

A

Antigen bind to T cells
Cytotoxins are produced
Destroy antigens
Diminish with age

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16
Q

Age related decline in immune system

A

Infections
Cancer
Autoimmune diseases

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17
Q

Infectious disease ex

A 
Influenza
Pneumonia
Tuberculosis
Meningitis
UTI
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18
Q

Infectious diseases

A

Deficiencies in both humoral and cell mediated responses
Decline in helper t cell function
Destruction of B cell clones

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19
Q

Net effect with infectious disease

A

Dec ability to generate antibody responses to certain infections

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20
Q
  • Inc in
A

Leukemia
Cancer of lung, breast, prostate, stomach and pancreas
Due to dec in inmune system

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21
Q

Autoimmune diseases

A

Body loses the ability to distinguish self from nonself

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22
Q

Common autoimmune diseases

A

RA
Hashimotos thyroiditis
Lupus
Chronic Hepatitis

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23
Q

Autoimmune disease - due to

A

Degredation of the thymus gland and inability to destroy self harming t cells

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24
Q

Digestive system

A

Attached to dig system is exocrine glands, pancreas, liver - each secrete substances to aid with digestion
Aging by itself has minimal effect

25
Q

Changes in the digestive system - changes in mouth

A 
Dentation 
Osteoporotic changes in jaw
Recession of gums
Inc changes of dental caries
Dysphagia
Enamel wears down
Dec salivary gladns
26
Q

Changes in digestive system - esophagus

A

Dec rate of cell turnover (erosion)
Dec peristaltic movements
Dec motor control
Inc reflux

27
Q

Net effect - esophagus

A 
Delayed emptying (pain)
Dilation
28
Q

Stomach

A

Rate of gastric acis secretion dec
Inc in peptic ulcers and gastritis
Inc in pylori
Can result in Fe deficiency anemia

29
Q

___ cancer is most common in elderly

A

Stomach

Of stomach cancer - it is most popular in the elderly

30
Q

Small intestine

A

Cont digestion with help of secretions

Little effect from age

31
Q

Liver

A

produces bile
detoxity foreign and dangerous chemicals
Break down medications - diminishes with age

32
Q

Bile is stored in

A

Gall bladder

33
Q

Bile is required to

A

breakdown fats in chyme

34
Q

Large intestines

A 
Diverticulosis
Dec motility
Fecal incontinence
Peritonitis
Colon cancer
35
Q

Diverticulosis

A

Intestinal lining has herniated through intestinal wall

Diet low in fiber

36
Q

Net effect of digestive system - motility

A 
Dec # of ganglion cells
In emptying time
Inc freq non-peristatic contractions
Dec amplitude of muscle contraction
Impaired relaxation
37
Q

Net effect of digestive system - absorption

A

Most substances, absorbed normally to 60-70yo and then changes
Changes due to dec SA (person getting smaller)

38
Q

Genitourinary system - kidney func

A

Excrete waste from body

Maintain stability of fluid compartments of body - plasma and interstitial fluid

39
Q

Renal system - anatomical changes

A 
Dec kidney mass 
Dec # of glomeruli
Inc # of abdnormal glomeruli
Dec length and volume of proximal tubule
Dec mitochrondria
Loss of muscle from arteries
40
Q

Renal system - number of glomeruli Age 25 and 85

A 
25 = 1 miliion nephrons per kidney
85 = dec by 30-40%
41
Q

Functional changes - renal system

A

Dec GFR 50% by age 75
De % CO to kidney (receives 20% of CO)
Dec concentrating/diluting urine and elimating waste in distal tube
Funct nephrons - altered threshold for glucose

42
Q

Clinical relevance - renal system chagnes

A

Impaired maitenence of fluid status when stressed

Impaired elimination of drugs

43
Q

Effects of drugs on kidneys - NSAIDs

A

Affect hormonal regulation of kidney
Block prostaglandins
Predisposes them to acute renal failure and chronic damage

44
Q

Serum creatinine

A

Clinical measure of renal function

Needs to be measured and interpreted when giving drugs

45
Q

Bladder function changes

A 
Dec ability to store urine
Inc frequency of voiding
Inc residual volume
Inc frequency of uninhibited contractions
Delayed sensation of filling
46
Q

Older urinary tract prone to

A

Inc bacterial infections
Inc kidney stones
Inc renal failure

47
Q

Acute failure - bladder - due to

A

Dehydration
Low fluid intake
Post injury or Post surgery

48
Q

Chronic failure - bladder -

A

Inc frequency of incontinence

49
Q

Problems with urinary tract are often related to

A

Environmental factors
Life style
IT IS PREVENTABLE

50
Q

Reversible causes of incontinence

A 
DRIP
D = delirium
R = restricted mobility, rentention
I = infection, inflammation, impactation
P = polyuria, pharmaceuticals
51
Q

Endocrine system

A

Collection of glands that secrete chemical messengers into blood stream

52
Q

Endocrine system - hierarchical control

A

Starting with hypothalamus releasing hormones to pituitary gland - releasing hormones to thyroid, adrenal gland and gonads

53
Q

Endocrine - aging creates

A

inadequate responses to the hormones

54
Q

Cortisol

A

Stress hormone

Duty is to mobilize the bodys energy reserve

55
Q

Prolonged elevation of cortisol can lead to

A

diabetes, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and immunosupression

56
Q

Pancreas

A

Insulin and glucagon
Deficient insulin action (NIDDM)
27% over 65 have NIDDM

57
Q

Some good attributes fro successful aging

A 
Adaptible
Coping ability
Minimal stress
Emotional gratification
Pos life experiences
Be active
Vit D
58
Q

Keys to successful aging

A

Low risk disease
High mental func
High physical func
Active engagement with life

Semester 3 FS Exam 4 (11 decks)

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