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Semester 3 FS Exam 4 > Cardiovascular System and Aging > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System and Aging Flashcards

1
Q

What doesn’t change with age

A

Resting heart rate
Plasma volume and hematocrit
Peak developed tension
Resting length-tension relationship

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2
Q

Changes - properties of the myocardium - excitation contraction coupling

A

Prolonged activation - inc time to peak tension
Prolonged AP
Prolonged relaxion - longer refractory period

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3
Q

Changes - Passive myocardial properties

A

Changes in mm tissue materials

Type, amount and distribution of non-contractile protein, collagen and elastin

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4
Q

Changes - Age change - collagen

A

Inc in collagen
Cross linkage of collagen
Inc in conc of lipfuscin I

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5
Q

Effects of changes with age

A 
Inc stiffness
Dec ventricular compliance
Impaired diastolic filling
LV EDP
* Inc exertional dyspnea
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6
Q

Cardiac structure - observations

A

Left ventricular hypertrophy
Inc LV wall thickness
Inc heart mass
Inc ratio of heart mass/body weight

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7
Q

Cardiac structure - LV cavity dimension

A

No change

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8
Q

Cardiac structure - net effect of changes

A

Changes correlate with pressure overload

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9
Q

Cardiac structure - causes of hypertrophy

A

Inc myocyte size
Inc Collagen and collagen alterations
Inc lipsofusion and other inclusions

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10
Q

Cardiac structure - overall results

A

Stiffer and more rigid myocardium

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11
Q

Cardiac function - observations

A 
Dec ventricular compliance
Prolonged isovolumetric relaxation
Dec rate of elderly diastolic filling
Inc end diastolic pressure
No change in LVEDV
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12
Q

Cardiac function - Cardiac output - Rest

A

Relatively no change in CO

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13
Q

Cardiac function - Cardiac output - Exercise

A

Variable changes in SV

Dec max HR

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14
Q

Cardiac Output =

A

HR x SV

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15
Q

Cardiac function = With exercise young

A

Inc HR, Dec EDV = SV plateaus

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16
Q

Cardiac function = with exercise aged

A

Dec max HR, Inc late LVDV = SV

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17
Q

Autonomoic modulation of CV function - Observations

A

Inc resting + exercise NE
Dec receptor responsiveness
Dec response to catecholamines

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18
Q

Autonomic modulation of CV function - Beta adrenergic effects on blood vessels and HR

A

Dilation of blood vessels is not as quick

Dec HR?

19
Q

Autonomic modulation of CV function - Pacemaker cells in the heart - at 75 yo

A

10% of the pacemaker cells of a 20 yo

Inc cardiac arrhythmia

20
Q

Atrial fibrillation

A

Irregular beating of atria

Inc incidence

21
Q

Artial fibrilation prevalence

A

more than 10% after 80 yo

22
Q

Atrial fibrillation Symptoms

A

Palpitations, shortness of breath, angina

23
Q

Atrial fibrillation - diagnosis

A

Physical exam

ECG

24
Q

Atrial fibrillation - Complications

A

Heart failure

Stroke

25
Q

Atrial fibrillation - prognosis

A

Good with treatment

26
Q

Sick sinus syndrome - prevalence

A

Inc progressively with age

27
Q

Sick sinus syndrome - etiology

A

Degeneration of sinus node pacemaker cells

28
Q

Sick sinus syndrome - Symptoms

A

Dizziness, syncope, fatigue, effort, intolerance, heart failure, angina

29
Q

Sick sinus syndrome - Diagnosis

A

ECG Bradycardia

Tachydysrhythmias

30
Q

Sick sinus syndrome - Treatment

A

permanent pacemaker

31
Q

Sick sinus syndrome - complications

A

inc risk of stroke

32
Q

Vascular aging - altered vascular properties

A

Material composition of vasculature
Vascular tree
Ability of peripheral arterioles to dilate dec

33
Q

Vascular aging - observe with aging

A

Inc intimal thickening
Fragmentation of elastin
Calcification
Inc collagen

34
Q

Vascular aging - what inc

A

Stiffness (dec distensibility)
Arterial pressure (inc systolic)
LV wall thickness

35
Q

Vascular aging - inc stiffness - from

A

Inc pulse wave velocity

Dec volume distensibility

36
Q

Vascular aging - inc aterial pressure because of

A

Vasculature (aorta) fails to sustain forward flow
Inc LV work with systole
Inc cardiac afterload

37
Q

Vascular aging - inc LV wall thickness because of

A

Catecholamine response

Dec VD with exercise (dec exercise tolerance

38
Q

Cardiovascular reflexes - observe

A

Dec myocardial response

Dec baroreceptor sensitivity

39
Q

Cardiovascular performances - dec in functional capacity limits

A

ability to exercise/work

40
Q

Cardiovascular performances - Cardiac output changes

A

Little to no change at rest

Dec with ex

41
Q

Cardiovascular performances - VO2 max

A

Dec VO2 max

42
Q

Cardiovascular performance - Blood pressure changes

A

Systolic inc throughout life for both M and F

Diastolic inc until middle age and then returns normotensive (50-59)

43
Q

Clinical implications of age related changes in BP regulation

A

Orthostatic hypertension
Postprandial hypotension
Situational syncope
Hypotensive response to dec blood volume, preload lowering medications, tachydysrhythmias

Semester 3 FS Exam 4 (11 decks)

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