Theories, hypothesis, pathways and models Flashcards
Maturational imbalance model
Increased risktaking is a result of imbalanc between reward sensitivity and impulse control
BAS-BIS model
Individual differences in behavioral responses to cues for reward. Influences whether an individual is likely to withdraw or engage in risky behaviors
Frontostriatal model of adolescent decision making
Describes potential for imbalance in motivational bottum-up vs controlling top-down process
Law of effect
Actions that have a beneficial effect will be repeated in the same situation under the same conditions. Risk behavior and addiction will be repeated when the consequence is beneficial
Diathesis stress model
The diathesis-stress model posits that psychological disorders result from an interaction between inherent vulnerability and environmental stressors. Genetic vulnerability is the genotype, stress is the enviroment (e.g. smoking).
Family based linkage studies
Genetic marker transmissions in two+ generations
Dual systems/process model/maturational imbalance model
Risk taking results from temporary imbalance between subcortical socioemotional system (responsive to emotion, reward and novelty) and prefrontal cognitive control systeem (reflective, decision making)
Negative pathway affect regulation
Pathway is associated with late onset, greater tendency to get addicted in solitary context and predilection for alcohol, sedatives and analgestics
Poor response inhibition pathway
Posits that individuals with high levels of impulsivity are more inclined to engage in deviant behaviors
Social deviance model and psychological dysregulation theory
Gaan uit van impulsivity as key voor problems
Reward pathway to addiction
Individuals who score high on sensation seeking will engage in addictive behaviors motivated by their positive reinforcement properties or the enhance positive feelings/emotions
Social environmental hypothesis
Contact with peers who used drugs predicted an increased risk of using them
Stable co-occurring hypothesis
Adolescents with simultaneously symptomatology in development are at increased risk for substance use because of disturbances in executive functioning and impairment in social adaption
Externalizing pathway
Promotes adolescents substance use, characterized by marked deficits in behavioral inhibition
Dual failure hypothesis
Externalizing problems in early adolescence may lead to later co-occurring symptoms resulting from peer rejection and alientation from parents. Together increases the risk of peer group affiliation that promotes substances.
Social norms theory
1 Descriptive norms - what is the majority doing?
2 Injunctive norms - what is appropriate?
Cascade models
Posits dynamic multilevel transactions between youth and environment in emergent behaviors
Selective recruitment hypothesis
States that regular cannabis use/other drugs could arise from early cannabis use of socially deviant young people who have a high likelihood of using cocaine and heroin
Maturity gap/dual taxonomy model
Gap biological and social maturity, waardoor adolescenten adult-like behaviors gaan uitproberen
Differential susceptibility theory
Some individuals have a heightened susceptibilty to their environment, which can result in more adaptive outcomes in positive contexts and more maladaptive outcomes in negative contexts
Self determination theory
Suggests that development of internal control is strongly influenced by the social context, whereby parents play an imporant role
Unitary trend hypothesis
Declines in risk behavior are linked and have common underlying causes. Risk behavior cluster, partially due to underlying risk and protective factors that influence risk behavior of all kinds. So, changes in contextual factors would lead to linked trends in a variety of risk behaviors
Stimulation hypothesis
Adolescents who are active users of electronic media communication spend more F2F time with friends. EMC may be associated with more substance use
Displacement hypothesis
EMC reduces F2F time, which in turn decreases substance use
Cascade hypothesis
Declines in certain risk behaviors have led to declines in others due to direct or mediated causal relationships
Social ecological approach
Young peoples development and behavior are influenced by the contexts in which they grow up
Disinhibition/impulsivity theory of substance addiction
Lack of inhibition of use, aberrant decision making. Prefrontal is involved in EF. Chronic substance use compromises frontal functions.
Cognitive processing (habit) theory
In early stages of use, substance drug taking is voluntary and goal directed. After prolonged use, substance taking gains automatic, habitual quality, driven by cues, but no longer voluntary or goal directed -> automatic when available
Incentive sensitization theory
The brain structure changes by using drugs frequently. These changes make the brain hypersensitive to the rewarding effects of drugs. So, people become overly focussed on wanting drugs, even if they dont enjoy using them anymore.
Transtheoretical model (stages of change)
Is used to understand the stages individuals progress through, and the cognitive and behavioral processes they use while changing health behaviors
Cognitive dissonance theory
Suggests that cognitive dissonance raises uncomfortable feelings. People have a strong inner drive to reduce cognitive dissonance
